Yukiko Okami1, Hirotsugu Ueshima1,2, Yasuyuki Nakamura3, Nagako Okuda4, Hideaki Nakagawa5, Kiyomi Sakata6, Shigeyuki Saitoh7, Akira Okayama8, Katsushi Yoshita9, Sohel R Choudhury10, Queenie Chan11, Paul Elliott11, Jeremiah Stamler12, Katsuyuki Miura1,2. 1. Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science. 2. Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science. 3. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University. 4. Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences. 5. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University. 6. Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University. 7. School of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University. 8. Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention. 9. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Osaka City University. 10. Department of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute. 11. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London. 12. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University.
Abstract
AIM: The positive relationship between dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol has been questioned by a set of recent cohort studies. This study aimed to investigate how employment status and education years relate to the association between dietary cholesterol and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in a Japanese population. METHODS: A population-based, random sample, cross-sectional study (INTERLIPID) was performed. Among 1,145 Japanese individuals aged 40-59 years, 106 were excluded because of special diets, use of lipid-lowering drugs, hormone replacement, and missing data, leaving 1,039 individuals (533 men and 506 women). Dietary cholesterol was assessed from four 24-h dietary recalls, and LDL-C was measured enzymatically with an auto-analyzer. A standard questionnaire inquired about employment status and education years. RESULTS: In men, a 1 standard deviation (SD) higher dietary cholesterol was associated with 3.16 mg/dL lower serum LDL-C (P=0.009; unadjusted model). After adjustment for covariates, higher serum LDL-C was estimated per 1 SD higher intake of dietary cholesterol in nonemployed men [self-employed, homemakers, farmers, fishermen, and retired employees; β=＋9.08, 95% confidence interval (CI)=＋0.90-＋17.27] and less educated men (β=＋4.46, 95% CI=－0.97-＋9.90), whereas an inverse association was observed in employed men (β=－3.02, 95% CI=－5.49-－0.54) and more educated men (β=－3.66, 95% CI=－6.25-－1.07). CONCLUSIONS: In men who were nonemployed and less educated, a higher intake of dietary cholesterol was associated with elevated concentrations of serum LDL-C, whereas an inverse association was observed in men who were employed and more educated.
AIM: The positive relationship between dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol has been questioned by a set of recent cohort studies. This study aimed to investigate how employment status and education years relate to the association between dietary cholesterol and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in a Japanese population. METHODS: A population-based, random sample, cross-sectional study (INTERLIPID) was performed. Among 1,145 Japanese individuals aged 40-59 years, 106 were excluded because of special diets, use of lipid-lowering drugs, hormone replacement, and missing data, leaving 1,039 individuals (533 men and 506 women). Dietary cholesterol was assessed from four 24-h dietary recalls, and LDL-C was measured enzymatically with an auto-analyzer. A standard questionnaire inquired about employment status and education years. RESULTS: In men, a 1 standard deviation (SD) higher dietary cholesterol was associated with 3.16 mg/dL lower serum LDL-C (P=0.009; unadjusted model). After adjustment for covariates, higher serum LDL-C was estimated per 1 SD higher intake of dietary cholesterol in nonemployed men [self-employed, homemakers, farmers, fishermen, and retired employees; β=＋9.08, 95% confidence interval (CI)=＋0.90-＋17.27] and less educated men (β=＋4.46, 95% CI=－0.97-＋9.90), whereas an inverse association was observed in employed men (β=－3.02, 95% CI=－5.49-－0.54) and more educated men (β=－3.66, 95% CI=－6.25-－1.07). CONCLUSIONS: In men who were nonemployed and less educated, a higher intake of dietary cholesterol was associated with elevated concentrations of serum LDL-C, whereas an inverse association was observed in men who were employed and more educated.
Authors: B Dennis; J Stamler; M Buzzard; R Conway; P Elliott; A Moag-Stahlberg; A Okayama; N Okuda; C Robertson; F Robinson; S Schakel; M Stevens; N Van Heel; L Zhao; B F Zhou Journal: J Hum Hypertens Date: 2003-09 Impact factor: 3.012
Authors: H Ueshima; A Okayama; S Saitoh; H Nakagawa; B Rodriguez; K Sakata; N Okuda; S R Choudhury; J D Curb Journal: J Hum Hypertens Date: 2003-09 Impact factor: 3.012
Authors: Mohsen Mazidi; Richard J Webb; Elena S George; Niloofar Shekoohi; Julie A Lovegrove; Ian G Davies Journal: Br J Nutr Date: 2021-09-15 Impact factor: 4.125