Candice K Silversides1, Jasmine Grewal2, Jennifer Mason3, Mathew Sermer3, Marla Kiess2, Valerie Rychel4, Rachel M Wald3, Jack M Colman3, Samuel C Siu5. 1. Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto Pregnancy and Heart Disease Research Program, Mount Sinai Hospital/Sinai Health System, and Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: candice.silversides@uhn.ca. 2. Division of Cardiology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 3. Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto Pregnancy and Heart Disease Research Program, Mount Sinai Hospital/Sinai Health System, and Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 5. Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto Pregnancy and Heart Disease Research Program, Mount Sinai Hospital/Sinai Health System, and Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Identifying women at high risk is an important aspect of care for women with heart disease. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to: 1) examine cardiac complications during pregnancy and their temporal trends; and 2) derive a risk stratification index. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled consecutive pregnant women with heart disease and determined their cardiac outcomes during pregnancy. Temporal trends in complications were examined. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of cardiac complications and these were incorporated into a new risk index. RESULTS: In total, 1,938 pregnancies were included. Cardiac complications occurred in 16% of pregnancies and were primarily related to arrhythmias and heart failure. Although the overall rates of cardiac complications during pregnancy did not change over the years, the frequency of pulmonary edema decreased (8% from 1994 to 2001 vs. 4% from 2001 to 2014; p value = 0.012). Ten predictors of maternal cardiac complications were identified: 5 general predictors (prior cardiac events or arrhythmias, poor functional class or cyanosis, high-risk valve disease/left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, systemic ventricular dysfunction, no prior cardiac interventions); 4 lesion-specific predictors (mechanical valves, high-risk aortopathies, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease); and 1 delivery of care predictor (late pregnancy assessment). These 10 predictors were incorporated into a new risk index (CARPREG II [Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy Study]). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy in women with heart disease continues to be associated with significant morbidity, although mortality is rare. Prediction of maternal cardiac complications in women with heart disease is enhanced by integration of general, lesion-specific, and delivery of care variables.
BACKGROUND: Identifying women at high risk is an important aspect of care for women with heart disease. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to: 1) examine cardiac complications during pregnancy and their temporal trends; and 2) derive a risk stratification index. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled consecutive pregnant women with heart disease and determined their cardiac outcomes during pregnancy. Temporal trends in complications were examined. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of cardiac complications and these were incorporated into a new risk index. RESULTS: In total, 1,938 pregnancies were included. Cardiac complications occurred in 16% of pregnancies and were primarily related to arrhythmias and heart failure. Although the overall rates of cardiac complications during pregnancy did not change over the years, the frequency of pulmonary edema decreased (8% from 1994 to 2001 vs. 4% from 2001 to 2014; p value = 0.012). Ten predictors of maternal cardiac complications were identified: 5 general predictors (prior cardiac events or arrhythmias, poor functional class or cyanosis, high-risk valve disease/left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, systemic ventricular dysfunction, no prior cardiac interventions); 4 lesion-specific predictors (mechanical valves, high-risk aortopathies, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease); and 1 delivery of care predictor (late pregnancy assessment). These 10 predictors were incorporated into a new risk index (CARPREG II [Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy Study]). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy in women with heart disease continues to be associated with significant morbidity, although mortality is rare. Prediction of maternal cardiac complications in women with heart disease is enhanced by integration of general, lesion-specific, and delivery of care variables.
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