Carotenoid production in sugarcane juice and synthetic media supplemented with nutrients by Rhodotorula rubra l02.

In order for the use of biological carotenoids to become feasible, it is necessary to have adequate low cost sources and improved methods of cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium, on the biomass and carotenoid volumetric production by yeast Rhodotorula rubra L02 using a complex medium (sugarcane juice) and synthetic media (sucrose and maltose) as substrates. The experimental design used for each substrate was randomized in blocks with 16 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments were compound for 15 different combinations of nutrients (N; Mg; Zn; P, N+Mg; N+Zn; N+P; Mg+Zn; Mg+P; Zn+P; N+P+Zn; N+P+Mg; N+Zn+Mg; P+Zn+Mg; N+Zn+Mg+P) alone and combined, and a control. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% significance level. Among the treatments evaluated, the highest production of dry biomass, with both maltose and sucrose, was observed for Mg (1.60g/L and 1.94g/L, respectively). Additionally, another treatment that stood out in terms of biomass production was the control treatment with maltose (1.54g/L). After the incubation time, killer activity was not observed since there was no formation of inhibition halo around the L02 yeast.

Introduction

Carotenoids are a family of widespread natural pigmented compounpan>ds that are responsible for the color of most fruits and vegetables ranginpan>g from yellow to red. In addition to their extensive use as food colorants and food enrichment, carotenoids are also frequently used due to their pro-vitamin activity and their properties that can result in biological functions with health benefits.

Biotechnological production of n class="Chemical">carotenoids has been inpan>tensively inpan>vestigated with the aim of obtainpan>inpan>g these compounpan>ds on an inpan>dustrial scale. Microbial synthesis offers a promisinpan>g method for production of n class="Chemical">carotenoids.

This explains the increasing interest in the production of microbial n class="Chemical">carotenoids as an alternative to synthetic food colorants. In addition to their widespread use, products obtainpan>ed by microbial production can be obtainpan>ed quickly and at any time durinpan>g the year.

Accordingly, there has also been a search for alternatives such as strain improvement, standardization of conditions for fermentation, and identification and characterization of new strains. Thus, the knowledge of nutritional needs of strains is fundamental for microorganism growth and carotenogenesis.

Due to synthesis of natural important n class="Chemical">carotenoids by several different pan> class="Species">yeast species belonging to the genera Rhodotorula and Phaffia, these microorganisms have been considered as potential pigment sources. Yeasts are more convenient than algae or molds for large-scale production in fermenters due to their unicellular nature and high growth rate.

The culture medium composition as a source of carbon, nitrogen, metals and salts needs further investigation focusing on the increase of carotenoids production.

The use of low cost carbon and nitrogen sources in culture media has been also seen as a way to make carotenoid production more efficient and viable from an economic point of view. To emphasize the regulation by environmental factors, in many can be replaced by in most, as found in Garbayo et al. Furthermore, the rate Carbon:Nitrogen plays an important role in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, determining the type and extent of metabolites synthesized in production.

In recent years, most studies on n class="Chemical">carotenoid production by fermentation have used alternative n class="Chemical">carbon sources such as agro-industrial residues or by-products.7, 8, 9, 10

The sugarcane juice substrate is low cost and has high levels of carbohydrate and nutrients, and it is therefore considered as a complex medium. However, the ideal nutrients for biomass production have not yet been defined. Therefore, studies on synthetic medium are necessary in order to identify these elements.

Banzatto et al. showed that molasses supplemented with n class="Chemical">urea anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">Nitrofos KL (Quimatec Produtos Químicos Ltda.), composed of phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium, manganese and zinc, stimulated the synthesis of biomass and carotenoid volumetric production. In this way, we used these nutrient sources to prepare a synthetic medium to better know the singular effect of each in the yeast growth and carotenoid production.

Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium, alone and combined, on the production of biomass carotenoid by yeast L02 using a complex medium (sugarcane juice) and synthetic media (sucrose and maltose) as substrates.

Material and methods

Experimental design

It was developed three experiments. The first was done using n class="Species">sugarcane juice as substrate. The second the raw material was pan> class="Chemical">maltose, and the third was sucrose. The experimental design used for each substrate was randomized in blocks with 16 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments were compound for 15 different combinations of nutrients (N; Mg; Zn; P, N + Mg; N + Zn; N + P; Mg + Zn; Mg + P; Zn + P; N + P + Zn; N + P + Mg; N + Zn + Mg; P + Zn + Mg; N + Zn + Mg + P) alone and combined, and a control.

The nitrogen source used was nitrate (2 g/L), the magnesium was MgSO4 (0.1 g/L), the zinc was ZnSO4 (0.1 g/L) and the phosphorus was KH2PO4 (2 g/L). All salts used were SIGMA (BR).

Microorganism

The n class="Species">yeast used inpan> this experiment, pan> class="Species">Rhodotorula rubra strain L02, belongs to the collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology of Fermentation FCAV – UNESP, SP. This microorganism was identified by conventional biochemical tests, the RAPD method, and the sequencing of the purified 18S rDNA fragment. Periodic replication was performed in tubes containing YM agar (0.3% yeast extract, 0.5% peptone, 1% dextrose, 2% agar) and incubated at 8 °C.

Inoculum preparation

YM medium (yeast medium) pH 5.5–6.0 was used for yeast growth and reactivation. An aliquot of the yeast was collected from a storage tube and inoculated into 120 mL of autoclaved YM liquid medium placed on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm and 30 °C for 48 h.

n class="Chemical">Next, cell concentration finpan>al was determinpan>ed usinpan>g a n class="Chemical">Neubauer chamber. The volume of the inoculum added to each 250 mL of the medium was sufficient to achieve a final cell concentration of 107 cells/mL.

Biomass and carotenoid production

The culture vessels used for mass growth and n class="Chemical">carotenoid production were 500 mL pan> class="Chemical">Erlenmyer flasks containing 250 mL of each substrate: sugarcane juice (19 g reducing sugar/L obtained by the dinitrosalicylic acid method) and sucrose- and maltose-based media at a final concentration of 20 g/L (2%); the media were supplemented with nutrients according to experimental design described above. The volume of the inoculum added to each 250 mL of the medium was sufficient to achieve a final cell concentration of 107 cells/mL. The cultures were incubated at 30 °C, 200 rpm, and 1600 lm of fluorescent lighting for 72 h.

After 72 h of mass growth, fermentation was considered complete and the media were centrifuged, the pellet was frozen for subsequent lyophilization, and the TRRS in the supernatant was measured.

Dry mass and carotenoid extraction

After incubation the contents of each Erlenmyer flask were subsequently centrifuged (Himac CR 21G-High-Speed refrigerated centrifuge-Hitach, BR) at 15,000 × g at 25 °C for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in 10 mL sterile deionized water. The yeast mass was frozen using liquid nitrogen and then lyophilized using a refrigerated centrifuge (Savant Super Module) for 48 h to obtained a sample dried. These samples were weighed in a balance Miller to obtain the dry mass.

The dry biomass was grounpan>d inpan> a porcelainpan> mortar with a solution of Celite (Sigma, BR) and acetone at 6 °C. The mixture was then vacuum filtered in glass funnel with a sintered glass disk. This procedure was repeated until it no longer exhibited the characteristic color of carotenoids. The ketonic extract was transferred to a separation funnel containing 50 mL of petroleum ether (Sigma, BR). The mixture was slowly washed with 900 mL ultrapure water. This procedure was repeated three times.

Anhydrous n class="Chemical">sodium sulfate was used to dry the non-polar phase, and the pigments were concentrated on a rotatinpan>g evaporator (<35 °C) to a volume of 6 mL. These procedures were performed unpan>der low lightinpan>g conditions.

The total n class="Chemical">carotenoids determinpan>ation was made accordinpan>g Davies, usinpan>g a spectrophotometer inpan> a wave-length 450 nm with a absorption coefficient = 2500 inpan> n class="Chemical">petroleum ether.

From the results obtained for total carotenoid concentration and dry mass of yeast, was calculated the yield of carotenoid produced per gram of dry biomass.

Killer factor

The killer activity of the strain L02 was determined using two sensitive yeasts (Candida glabrata Y55 and Pichia kluyveri CAY15) that were inoculated onto a Petri dish contain YEPDMB medium (yeast extract 10 g/L, glucose 20 g/L, peptone 20 g/L, agar 20 g/L, methylene blue 0.03 g/L, buffer pH 4.0 with citratophoshate 0.5 M) according Sangorrín et al. Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer strains that produce and secrete protein toxins (K1 and K2) lethal to sensitive strains were inoculated in a different Petri dish.

The dish were incubated in B.O.D. (25 °C/72 h) and observed daily. The presence of phenotype killer (K+) was determined in isolated that showed an inhibition halo around the colonies (clear zone – no growth of sensible n class="Species">yeast) accordinpan>g Younpan>g.

Quantification of total residual reducing sugars (TRRS)

The supernatant resulted from centrifugation was collected for TRRS analysis using the n class="Chemical">dinitrosalicylic acid – DNS method. A standard curve was constructed using known concentrations of glucose (200–2000 mg/L) by plotting the absorbance values at 575 nm and their corresponding concentration.

Statistical analysis and yield

The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% significance level, according to Banzatto and Kronka.

Results and discussion

Growth and biomass production

Yeast R. rubra strain L02 grew and biosynthesized carotenoids in sugarcane juice and in sucrose- and maltose-based synthetic media. Among the treatments supplemented with nutrients, the highest production of dry biomass (Fig. 1), with both maltose and sucrose, was observed for Mg (1.60 g/L and 1.94 g/L, respectively). Additionally, another treatment that stood out in terms of biomass production was the control with maltose (1.54 g/L). On the other hand, the synthetic medias supplemented with Zn, alone or mixed with other nutrients, results the lowest production of dry biomass. The treatments N + P + Zn + Mg and P + Zn + Mg did not result in the lowest dry biomass using maltose substrate.

Fig. 1

Dry biomass produced by R. rubra strain L02 in sugarcane juice and synthetic media. Mean followed by the same letter in each substrate source are not statistically different from each other (Tukey test 5%). DMS – significant deviation min. CV – coefficient of variation.

As for the treatments with sugarcane juice as a substrate, the treatments N, Mg and N + P resulted in the highest dry biomass, and that with P + Zn + Mg resulted in the lowest dry biomass. The treatment Zn + Mg also results in the lowest dry biomass.

Maldonade et al. carried out studies with the aim of maximizing the production of carotenoids by R. mucilaginosa strains isolated from the Brazilian ecosystem with the variables pH and levels of glucose, yeast extract, MgSO4·7H2O, and KH2PO4. The results indicated that carotenoid formation was more sensitive to changes in the yeast extract concentration than to changes in glucose concentration.

El-Banna et al. carried out studies with Rhodotorula glutinis and founpan>d that this strainpan> produced 7 g/L dry biomass, 266 μg/g cellular carotenoids, and 1.6 μg/L volumetric carotenoids, and that it contained 12.4% lipids after growing in a yeast malt broth under shaking (100 g) at 30 °C for 4 days.

The behaviors observed are related to the fact that yeasts require minpan>erals that act as funpan>ctional components of proteinpan>s, as enzyme activators, or as proteinpan> stabilizers. Accordinpan>g to Morris, although some minpan>eral compounpan>ds may not be required for yeast propagation, they can stimulate its growth.

From the results obtained, it can be observed that n class="Chemical">magnesium stood out inpan> terms of optimization of pan> class="Disease">dry matter production by the yeast. Magnesium stimulates the absorption of H2PO4−, maintains the membrane integrity and permeability, regulates the divalent cation transport, and influences enzymatic activity and the structure of organelles in a cell. However, the other nutrients added did not have the same effect suggesting that the control treatment with YM provided the basic nutrients for yeast multiplication.

Although there may be optimal concentrations for each element, there is a wide range of interactions between mineral nutrients, and the optimal concentration depends upon the concentration of other minerals present in the medium. Similarly, some ions act as antagonists minimizing the inhibitory effects of other ionic species, besides affecting other metabolic inter-relationships that determine the amount of ions absorbed and the consequent effects.30

This explanation could respond the behavior of n class="Species">sugarcane juice fermentation, which is a complex medium anpan>d presents a high concentration of these same elements. Costa et al. obtainpan>ed for pan> class="Species">sugarcane juice the concentration of 50–130 mg/L calcium, 500–2000 mg/L potassium, 20–80 mg/L sodium, 140–150 mg/L magnesium, 4 mg/L manganese and 5 mg/L iron. In this way, we could infer that the elements in the juice affect the biomass production by R. rubra, but is important highlight again the action of magnesium, once increased the level of dry biomass.

Carotenoids production

Evaluating the highest production of intracellular carotenoids (Fig. 2), it can be seen that the treatments with sugarcane juice (complex medium) and those with maltose and sucrose (synthetic media) supplemented with Mg (0.0135 mg/L, 0.0277 mg/L, and 0.029 mg/L, respectively) showed the highest intracellular carotenoid production. It is important to mention that this element has a direct role in cell physiology in the production of both mass and carotenoids.

Fig. 2

Quantification of carotenoids using the absorption coefficient of 2500 in petroleum ether, absorbance at 450 nm, and DAVIES, 1976s formula. Tukey test at 5% probability, mean followed by the same letter in each substrate source are not statistically different from each other (Tukey test 5%). DMS – significant deviation min. CV, coefficient of variation.

Quantification of carotenoids usinpan>g the absorption coefficient of 2500 inpan> petroleum ether, absorbance at 450 nm, and DAVIES, 1976s formula. Tukey test at 5% probability, mean followed by the same letter in each substrate source are not statistically different from each other (Tukey test 5%). DMS – significant deviation min. CV, coefficient of variation.

The lowest carotenoid production inpan> the maltose-based treatments was found for the treatment supplemented with P + Zn (0.0007 mg/L); in the sucrose-based treatments, it was found for the treatment supplemented with N + P + Mg (0.0018 mg/L), and in the sugarcane-based treatments, the lowest carotenoid production was found for the treatment supplemented with Mg + P (0.0005 mg/L).

Therefore, it seems that despite the role of nutrients in n class="Species">yeast metabolism, either alone or combinpan>ed, they do not favor the production of biomass anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">carotenoids, except for magnesium. Thus, it was found that Mg was the nutrient that influenced the increase in the biomass dry weight and carotenoid concentration for the substrates studied: maltose, sucrose, and sugarcane juice.

In studies on n class="Species">R. rubra, usinpan>g molasse supplemented with pan> class="Chemical">urea, Banzatto et al. found a volumetric production of carotenoids of 2.50 mg/L; Shih and Hang cultivating it in agroindustrial waste (white cabbage fermentation), found the maximum yield of total carotenoids (1.04 mg/L). Probably the low concentration of carotenoid obtained in this study could be associated a characteristics of the media used. The synthetic medias is a poor substrate for the growth of the yeast, and the sugarcane juice could has contain much elements, wich decrease the produce of this biomolecule, as observed for dry biomass.

According to Chanchay et al., the optimum culture conditions for the carotenoid biosynthesis by R. rubra are 10 g/L of glucose as carbon source, supplementation of 1 g/L ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source, and 1 g/L of yeast extract as the growth factor, which produced the best yield of carotenoid content, 30.39 mg/g dry cell weight.

Different n class="Chemical">carbon sources have an important inpan>fluence on cell growth and also on the n class="Chemical">carotenoid biosynthesis.

Yield and killer activity

It can be seen that in terms of carotenoid concentration (mg) versus dry biomass (g) the pigment production yield (Fig. 3) was the highest for the sugarcane-based complex medium supplemented with magnesium (0.07 mg/g), followed by that of the sugarcane juice control treatment (0.04 mg/g). It was possible because the yeast showed low concentration of dry biomass and high of carotenoid, but the quantity of carotenoid produced was higher for sucrose and maltose medium. Investigating the potential of Sporidiobolus pararoseus as a source of microbial carotenoids using agroindustrial byproducts, Machado and Burkert found carotenoid production of 4.78 g/L/h (0.55 μg/g/h) and biomass production of 0.04 g/L/h.

Fig. 3

Results of the yield of pigment production in the 3 substrates analyzed (sugarcane juice, maltose, and sucrose).

Despite of the low carotenoid production usinpan>g sugarcane juice, it is important research new raw materials for this industry, because currently the factory uses synthetic medium that presents high cost, increase the price of the pigments in the market. From the results obtained in this study, is interesting evaluate the use of commercial sugars, as crystal, refined, very high purity (VHP) and very, very high purity (VVHP), because they contain majorly sucrose.

After incubation, sensitivity was not evidenced since there was no formation of inibition halo around L02 strain (Fig. 4) and no dead cells stained blue were observed either. The analyses were performed on the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th day. This result show this n class="Species">yeast does not secrete killer toxinpan>s or proteinpan>s that are lethal to sensitive cells, anpan>d it is therefore classified as neutral. It should be highlight that killer toxinpan> is not danpan>gerous for pan> class="Species">human being, but is interesting for industries, because it confers robustness to the microrganism for its survival during longs periods in the reactor. However, it has potential to be used in food, pharmaceutycal, cosmetic, and chemical industries

Fig. 4

Yeast strain L02, after the “killer” test, grown in buffered-YEPD methylene blue medium (citrate phosphate buffer) at pH 4.5–4.7 and 22 °C for 10 days.

Yeast strainpan> L02, after the “killer” test, grownpan> inpan> buffered-YEPD methylene blue medium (citrate phosphate buffer) at pH 4.5–4.7 and 22 °C for 10 days.

Total residual reducing sugars

The last step quantified the TRRS in the wine. The results are showed in Fig. 5. It was found that the n class="Chemical">maltose-based treatment with the highest pan> class="Chemical">sugar consumption was that supplemented with Zn (1.2 g/L), and the one with the lowest sugar consumption was that supplemented with N + Zn (4.1 g/L) this value is remaining sugar in the medium after 72 h of incubation. In the sucrose-based treatments, the one with the highest sugar consumption was that supplemented with Mg (0.7 g/L), and the ones with the lowest sugar consumption were those supplemented with N + P (1.7 g/L) and P (1.6 g/L).

Fig. 5

TRRS of the supernatant collected after centrifugation in the treatments with the 3 substrates used (sugarcane juice, maltose, and sucrose). Mean followed by the same letter are not statistically different from each other (Tukey test 5%). DMS, significant deviation min; CV, coefficient of variation.

In the treatments with sugarcane juice as the substrate, that supplemented with N + Zn + Mg (1.3 g/L) was the one with the lowest sugar consumption, and that with N + P + Mg (0.5 g/L) was the one with the highest sugar consumption.

Therefore, it can be said that there is no relationship between biomass production/pigment concentration and the use of n class="Chemical">sugar by the pan> class="Species">yeast, indicating that the sugar available can serve different functions in each case. We can infer that the yeast R. rubra could be used the sugar for acid, glycerol, quinones, hopanoids, polyterpenes, dolichols production, for example, because they are formed during the metabolic route for carotenoid production in yeasts. The route begginig convertin the glucose in Acetyl-CoA; the next step is transformed it in Mevalonate by HMG-CoA reductase. The Mevalonate is converted in isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), dimethylally pyrophosphate (DMAPP), dimethyl pyrophosphate (GPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and finally, in carotenoid. The most secundary compounds is produced for FPP and GGPP. In this context, future experiments are necessary to determine the substances produced by this yeast.

It was concluded that the use of nitrogen nutrients and magnesium using maltose or sucrose as a carbon source in the culture medium resulted in the highest carotenoid production levels since they increased the dry weight and carotenoid volumetric production by strain L02. However, the use of zinc is not recommended since it resulted in lower carotenoid production. With regard to the killer activity, the negative result indicates that this yeast can be used as a potential antioxidant in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and chemical industries.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest