Organ-Derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: A Game Changer for Bioink Manufacturing?

The extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises a complex milieu of proteins and other growth factors that provide mechanical, biophysical, and biochemical cues to cells. The ECM is organ specific, and its detailed composition varies across organs. Bioinks are material formulations and biological molecules or cells processed during a bioprinting process. Organ-derived decellularized ECM (dECM) bioinks have emerged as arguably the most biomimetic bioinks. Here, we review bioinks derived from different decellularized organs, the techniques used to obtain these bioinks, and the characterization methods used to evaluate their quality. We emphasize that obtaining a good-quality bioink depends on the choice of organ, animal, and decellularization method. Finally, we explore potential large-scale applications of bioinks and challenges in manufacturing such bioinks.