Yan Zheng1,2, Min Xu3, Yoriko Heianza4, Wenjie Ma5, Tiange Wang3,4, Dianjianyi Sun4, Christine M Albert6, Frank B Hu2,5,7, Kathryn M Rexrode6, JoAnn E Manson5,6,7, Lu Qi2,4. 1. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 2. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 3. Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 4. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. 5. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 6. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 7. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gallstone disease has been related to a higher prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, limited data are available regarding whether gallstone disease is related to mortality. METHODS: We examined the relationship of a history of gallstone disease and risk of death, using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, among 86 030 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 43 949 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. RESULTS: During the up-to 32 years of follow-up, 34 011 all-cause deaths were confirmed, of which 8138 were CVD deaths and 12 173 were cancer deaths. For the participants with a history of gallstone disease compared with those without, the hazard ratio of total mortality was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.13, 1.20), of CVD mortality 1.11 (1.05, 1.17), of cancer mortality 1.15 (1.09, 1.20), and of other mortality 1.19 (1.14, 1.25) from a pooled-analysis of women and men (all P < 0.001). The multi-adjusted associations between gallstone disease and total mortality persisted among women and men, and among participants with various risk profiles including the different status of body mass index, hormone therapy use, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (all P for interaction ≥ 0.09). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that gallstone disease is associated with a higher risk of total mortality and disease-specific mortality, including CVD and cancer mortality, independent of various traditional risk factors.
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gallstone disease has been related to a higher prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, limited data are available regarding whether gallstone disease is related to mortality. METHODS: We examined the relationship of a history of gallstone disease and risk of death, using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, among 86 030 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 43 949 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. RESULTS: During the up-to 32 years of follow-up, 34 011 all-cause deaths were confirmed, of which 8138 were CVD deaths and 12 173 were cancer deaths. For the participants with a history of gallstone disease compared with those without, the hazard ratio of total mortality was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.13, 1.20), of CVD mortality 1.11 (1.05, 1.17), of cancer mortality 1.15 (1.09, 1.20), and of other mortality 1.19 (1.14, 1.25) from a pooled-analysis of women and men (all P < 0.001). The multi-adjusted associations between gallstone disease and total mortality persisted among women and men, and among participants with various risk profiles including the different status of body mass index, hormone therapy use, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (all P for interaction ≥ 0.09). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that gallstone disease is associated with a higher risk of total mortality and disease-specific mortality, including CVD and cancer mortality, independent of various traditional risk factors.
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