| Literature DB >> 29662261 |
Patricio López-Jaramillo1,2, Carlos Calderón3,4, Jorge Castillo5,6, Iván Darío Escobar7,8, Enrique Melgarejo9,10, Gustavo Adolfo Parra11,12.
Abstract
The prevalence of Prediabetes in Colombia is high, and despite being recognized and categorized in the main Medical Guidelines and included in the International Classification of Diseases in Colombia, knowledge and awareness of it is limited amongst healthcare professionals and in the community. Our expert group recommends that educational programs emphasize a global approach to risk which includes a recognition of the importance of prediabetes and its evaluation along with and other risk factors such as a family history of DM2, overweight and obesity, dislipidemia and hypertension. Studies conducted in Colombia demonstrate the value of the FINDRIS questionnaire as a tool to identify subjects at risk of prediabetes and DM2, and we recommend that it should be systematic applied throughout the country as part of government policy. Prediabetes progresses to DM2 at an annual rate of 10%, but it has also been shown that prediabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. On this basis, the Committee recommends that once prediabetes is detected and diagnosed, immediate management of the disease begins through lifestyle changes, with follow up assessments performed at 3 and 6 months. If the patient does not respond with a weight loss of at least 5% and if the HbA1C values are not normalized, pharmacological management should be initiated with a metformin dose of 500 mg / day, increasing up to 1,500 - 1,700 mg / day, according to tolerance.Entities:
Keywords: Colombia; Prediabetes; cardiovascular diseases; diabetes mellitus type 2
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2017 PMID: 29662261 PMCID: PMC5896726 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v43i4.3662
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Prevalence of abdominal obesity in Colombia. ENSIN 2005 - 2010.
| Age (years) | Abdominal obesity | Abdominal obesity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men ≥90 cm | Women ≥80 cm | |||
| 2005 (%) | 2010 (%) | 2005 (%) | 2010 (%) | |
| 18 to 22 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 18.9 | 26.7 |
| 23 to 27 | 16.3 | 22.4 | 31.5 | 40.3 |
| 28 to 32 | 28.7 | 44.0 | 34.7 | 54.6 |
| 33 to 37 | 36.1 | 42.7 | 52.5 | 635 |
| 38 to 42 | 44.2 | 59.0 | 51.6 | 71.1 |
| 43 to 47 | 46.8 | 54.0 | 65.9 | 75.1 |
| 48 to 52 | 54.1 | 73.0 | 58.8 | 81.3 |
| 53 to 57 | 56.2 | 59.4 | 75.8 | 85.2 |
| 58 to 64 | 55.2 | 60.7 | 77.4 | 84.9 |
| Total | 33.8 | 39.8 | 51.4 | 62.0 |
Source: ENSIN 2005-2010
ENSIN: Spanish acronyms of National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia 2010
ICD 10 code applied to pre-diabetes .
| Chapter | Chapter title | ICD-10 three character code | Three character code description | ICD-10 Four character code | Four character code description | Inclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | Abnormal clinical and laboratory symptoms, signs and findings not classified elsewhere | R73 | Increased blood glucose level | Excludes: - Diabetes mellitus (E10-E14) - Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O24.-) - Post procedural hypoinsulinaemia (E89.1) - Neonatal disorders(P70.0-P70.2) | ||
| 18 | Abnormal clinical and laboratory symptoms, signs and findings not classified elsewhere | R73 | Increased blood glucose level | R730 | Glucose intolerance testing abnormalities | DIABETES: -Lactante Química |
| PREDIABETES:-Impaired glucose tolerance | ||||||
| 18 | R73 | R739 |
Figure 1Estimated number of pre-diabetic subjects in Colombia 2018 8,15,21
FINDRISC risk scale validated in Colombia. FINDRISC test for diabetes screening and other glucose regulation abnormalities 54
| Name | Phone | |
| 1. Age. years | ⎕Less than 45 years (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ 45-54 years (2 p.) | ||
| ⎕ 55-64 years (3 p.) | ||
| ⎕ More than 64 years (4 p.) | ||
| 2. Body Mass Index: | Weight. Kg | |
| Height. m | ||
| BMI | ⎕ Less than 25 kg/m² (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Between 25-30 kg/m² (1 p.) | ||
| ⎕ More than 30 kg/m² (3 p.) | ||
| (It is calculated by dividing weight in kilos by height in square meters). E.g.: Weight 70 kg/Height 1.70 m2 = 70/2.89 = 24.2 kg/m2) | ||
| 3. Waist circumference. cm | Pass measuring tape in the middle of both side costal margin and iliac crest and completely horizontal (although it does not pass through the umbilicus). The person must breathe normally a couple of times, then the smallest measurement is taken (when the person exhales the air) | |
| Men | ⎕ Less than 94 cm (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Equal to or greater 94 cm (4 p.) | ||
| Women | ⎕ Less than 90 cm (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Equal to or greater 90 cm (4 p.) | ||
| 4. Are you physically active for at least 30 minutes daily, at work and/or in your free time?: | ⎕ Yes (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ No (2 p.) | ||
| 5. How often do you eat vegetables or fruit?: | ⎕ Every day (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Not every day (1 p.) | ||
| 6. . Have you ever taken medications for high blood pressure on a regular basis?: | ⎕ No (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Yes (2 p.) | ||
| 7. Have you ever been found to have high blood glucose? | (e.g. in a health examination, during an illness, during pregnancy) | |
| ⎕ No (0 p.) | ||
| ⎕ Yes (5 p.) | ||
| 8. Have any members of your immediate family or other relatives been diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 or type 2)? | ⎕ Yes: parents, siblings or children (5 p.) | |
| ⎕ Yes: grandparents, uncle, aunt, first cousin (3 p.) | ||
| ⎕ Other relatives or none (0 p.) | ||
| (Note: Also accounts a diabetes "by age" or "when was already old") | ||
| Total risk score | ||
| Add up the points for answered questions, to know your risk. | ||
| Total score (maximum 26 p). | ||
| Interpretation: If the test score is equal to or greater than 12, you have high probability of having diabetes or other abnormality of glucose regulation. | ||
Adapted from reference 54: Clinical practice guide for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population over 18 years of age. General Social Security Health System - Colombia.
Figure 2Colombian patients' survival after the first myocardial infarction by blood glucose status evaluated at hospital discharge
Figure 3Risk and management assessment algorithm of Glycaemia disturbances
Characteristics comparison of subjects included in three DM2 prevention studies
| DPP | IDPP | DPS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Placebo (n: 1,082) | Metformina (n: 1,073) | Lifestyle change (n: 1,079) | Control (n: 136) | Metformina (n:133) | Lifestyle change (n: 133) | Control (n: 257) | Lifestyle change (n: 265) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Man | 335 | 363 | 345 | 104 | 104 | 107 | 81 | 91 |
| Woman | 747 | 710 | 734 | 32 | 29 | 26 | 176 | 174 |
| Age (years) | 50.3 ± 10.4 | 50.9 ± 10.3 | 50.6 ± 11.3 | 45.2 ± 5.7 | 45.9 ± 5.9 | 46.1 ± 5.7 | 55.0 ± 7.0 | 55±7 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 34.2 ± 6.7 | 33.9 ± 6.6 | 33.9 ± 6.8 | 26.3 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 3.7 | 25.7 ± 3.3 | 31.0 ± 4.5 | 31.3±46 |
| Abdominal girth (cm) | 105.2 ±14.3 | 104.9 ± 14.4 | 105.1 ± 14.8 | 90.8 ± 7.5 | 89.7 ± 9.5 | 89.0 ± 7.9 | 100.5 ± 10.9 | 102.0 ± 11.0 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Fasting | 106.1 ± 8.4 | 106.5 ± 8.5 | 106.3 ± 8.1 | 99.1 ± 14.4 | 97.3 ± 14.4 | 97.3 ± 12.6 | 110.0 ± 13.0 | 109.0 ± 14.0 |
| Glucose tolerance oral test | 164.5 ± 17.1 | 165.1 ± 17.2 | 164.4 ± 16.8 | 155.0 ± 12.6 | 153.2 ± 12.6 | 153.2 ± 12.6 | 159.0 ± 26.0 | 159.0 ± 27.0 |
Mean values +/- Standard Deviation
BMI: Body Mass Index
Adapted from reference 75
Prevalencia de obesidad abdominal en Colombia. ENSIN 2005 - 2010
| Edad (Años) | Obesidad Abdominal | Obesidad Abdominal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hombres ≥90 cm | Mujeres ≥80 cm | |||
| 2005 (%) | 2010 (%) | 2005 (%) | 2010 (%) | |
| 18 a 22 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 18.9 | 26.7 |
| 23 a 27 | 16.3 | 22.4 | 31.5 | 40.3 |
| 28 a 32 | 28.7 | 44.0 | 34.7 | 54.6 |
| 33 a 37 | 36.1 | 42.7 | 52.5 | 635 |
| 38 a 42 | 44.2 | 59.0 | 51.6 | 71.1 |
| 43 a 47 | 46.8 | 54.0 | 65.9 | 75.1 |
| 48 a 52 | 54.1 | 73.0 | 58.8 | 81.3 |
| 53 a 57 | 56.2 | 59.4 | 75.8 | 85.2 |
| 58 a 64 | 55.2 | 60.7 | 77.4 | 84.9 |
| Total | 33.8 | 39.8 | 51.4 | 62.0 |
Fuente ENSIN 2005-2010
ENSIN: Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia 2010
Código CIE 10 que aplica a Prediabetes
| Capítulo | Nombre Capítulo | Código de la CIE-10 a tres caracteres | Descripción de códigos a tres caracteres | Código de la CIE-10 a cuatro caracteres | Descripción de códigos a cuatro caracteres | Inclusión |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | Síntomas, signos y hallazgos anormales clínicos y de laboratorio, no clasificados en otra parte | R73 | Nivel elevado de glucosa en sangre | Excluye: -Diabetes mellitus (E10-E14) -En embarazo, parto y puerperio (O24.-) -Hipoinsulinemia postquirúrgica (E89.1) -Trastornos neonatales (P70.0-P70.2) | ||
| 18 | Síntomas, signos y hallazgos anormales clínicos y de laboratorio, no clasificados en otra parte | R73 | Nivel elevado de glucosa en sangre | R730 | Anormalidades en la prueba de tolerancia a la Glucosa | DIABETES: -Lactante Química |
| PREDIABETES:-Tolerancia a la glucosa alterada | ||||||
| 18 | Síntomas, signos y hallazgos anormales clínicos y de laboratorio, no clasificados en otra parte | R73 | Nivel elevado de glucosa en sangre | R739 | Hiperglicemia, no especificada |
Figura 1Estimado del número de sujetos con Prediabetes en Colombia 2018
Escala de Riesgo FINDRISC validada en Colombia. Prueba FINDRISC para tamizaje de Diabetes u otras anormalidades de la regulación de la glucosa. Adaptado de la referencia 54
| Nombre | Telefono | |
| 1. Edad. años cumplidos | ⎕Less than 45 years (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Menos de 45 años (0 p.) | ||
| ⎕ 45-54 años (2 p.) | ||
| ⎕ 55-64 años (3 p.) | ||
| ⎕ Más de 64 años (4 p.) | ||
| 2. Índice de masa corporal: | Peso. Kg | |
| Talla. m | ||
| IMC: | ⎕ Menor de 25 kg/m² (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Entre 25-30 kg/m² (1 p.) | ||
| ⎕ Mayor de 30 kg/m² (3 p.) | ||
| kg/m² | ||
| 3. Perímetro de cintura. Cm |
| |
| Hombres | ⎕ Menos de 94 cm (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Igual o mayor a 94 cm (4 p.) | ||
| Mujeres | ⎕ Menos de 90 cm (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Igual o mayor a 90 cm (4 p.) | ||
| 4. ¿Realiza habitualmente (a diario) al menos 30 minutos de actividad física, en el trabajo y/o en el tiempo libre?: | ⎕ Si (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ No (2 p.) | ||
| 5. ¿Con qué frecuencia come verduras o frutas?: | ⎕ Todos los días (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ No todos los días (1 p.) | ||
| 6. ¿Toma medicación para la hipertensión regularmente?: | ⎕ No (0 p.) | |
| ⎕ Yes (2 p.) | ||
| 7. ¿Le han encontrado alguna vez valores de glucosa alta? | ||
| ⎕ No (0 p.) | ||
| ⎕ Si (5 p.) | ||
| 8. ¿Se le ha diagnosticado diabetes (tipo 1 o tipo 2) a alguno de sus familiares? | ⎕ Sí: padres, hermanos o hijos (5 p.) | |
| ⎕ Sí: abuelos, tíos, primos hermanos (3 p.) | ||
| ⎕ Otros parientes o ninguno (0 p.) | ||
| Escala de riesgo total. | ||
| Sume los puntos de las respuestas contestadas, para conocer su riesgo. | ||
| Puntaje Total (máximo 26 p) | ||
| Interpretación: Si la puntuación del Test es igual mayor a 12, usted tiene alta probabilidad de tener Diabetes u otra anormalidad de la regulación de la glucosa. | ||
Figura 2Supervivencia de pacientes colombianos luego de un primer infarto de miocardio por estado de glucemia evaluada al momento del alta hospitalaria
Figura 3Algoritmo propuesto para la evaluación del riesgo y manejo de alteraciones de la glucemia
Comparación de las características de los individuos incluidos en tres estudios para la prevención de DM2
| DPP | IDPP | DPS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Características | Placebo (n: 1,082) | Metformina (n: 1,073) | Cambio estilo de vida (n: 1,079) | Control (n: 136) | Metformina (n:133) | Cambio estilo de vida, (n: 133) | Control (n: 257) | Cambio estilo de vida (n: 265) |
| Género | ||||||||
| Hombre | 335 | 363 | 345 | 104 | 104 | 107 | 81 | 91 |
| Mujer | 747 | 710 | 734 | 32 | 29 | 26 | 176 | 174 |
| Edad (años) | 50.3 ± 10.4 | 50.9 ± 10.3 | 50.6 ± 11.3 | 45.2 ± 5.7 | 45.9 ± 5.9 | 46.1 ± 5.7 | 55.0 ± 7.0 | 55±7 |
| IMC (Kg/m2) | 34.2 ± 6.7 | 33.9 ± 6.6 | 33.9 ± 6.8 | 26.3 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 3.7 | 25.7 ± 3.3 | 31.0 ± 4.5 | 31.3±46 |
| Circunferencia Abdominal (cm) | 105.2 ±14.3 | 104.9 ± 14.4 | 105.1 ± 14.8 | 90.8 ± 7.5 | 89.7 ± 9.5 | 89.0 ± 7.9 | 100.5 ± 10.9 | 102.0 ± 11.0 |
| Glucosa Plasmática (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| En ayunas | 106.1 ± 8.4 | 106.5 ± 8.5 | 106.3 ± 8.1 | 99.1 ± 14.4 | 97.3 ± 14.4 | 97.3 ± 12.6 | 110.0 ± 13.0 | 109.0 ± 14.0 |
| Prueba tolerancia oral a la glucosa | 164.5 ± 17.1 | 165.1 ± 17.2 | 164.4 ± 16.8 | 155.0 ± 12.6 | 153.2 ± 12.6 | 153.2 ± 12.6 | 159.0 ± 26.0 | 159.0 ± 27.0 |
Media ±Desviación estandard
IMC: Indice de masa corporal
Adaptado de referencia 75