Leena Suleiman1, Emmanuelle Waubant2, Gregory Aaen3, Anita Belman4, Leslie Benson5, Meghan Candee6, Tanuja Chitnis7, Mark Gorman5, Manu Goyal8, Benjamin Greenberg9, Yolanda Harris10, Janace Hart2, Ilana Kahn11, Lauren Krupp12, Timothy Lotze13, Soe Mar8, Manikum Moodley14, Jayne Ness10, Bardia Nourbakhsh15, Mary Rensel14, Moses Rodriguez16, John Rose17, Jennifer Rubin18, Teri Schreiner19, Jan-Mendelt Tillema16, Amy Waldman20, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman21, T Charles Casper22, Michael Waltz22, Jennifer S Graves2. 1. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: leena.suleiman@ucsf.edu. 2. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 3. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA, USA. 4. Lourie Center for Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, NY, USA. 5. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 6. Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 7. Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 8. University Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and other Demyelinating Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. 9. University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA. 10. Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease, Children's Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA. 11. Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. 12. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA. 13. The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 14. Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. 15. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 16. Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. 17. Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 18. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 19. Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. 20. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 21. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Jacobs Neurological Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. 22. Data Coordinating and Analysis Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children. METHODS: This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls enrolled at sixteen clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire that captured early infectious exposures, habits, and illnesses in the first five years of life. A panel of at least two pediatric MS specialists confirmed diagnosis of participants. Association of early infectious variables with diagnosis was assessed via multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Questionnaire responses for 326 eligible cases (mean age 14.9, 63.5% girls) and 506 healthy pediatric subjects (mean age 14.4, 56.9% girls) were included in analyses. History of flu with high fever before age five (p = 0.01), playing outside in grass and use of special products to treat head lice or scabies (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk of MS in unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and mother's highest educational attainment, these results were not statistically significant. Notably, antibiotic use (p = 0.22) and regular daycare attendance before age 6 (p = 0.09) were not associated with odds of developing MS. CONCLUSION: Early infectious factors investigated in this study were not associated with MS risk.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children. METHODS: This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls enrolled at sixteen clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire that captured early infectious exposures, habits, and illnesses in the first five years of life. A panel of at least two pediatric MS specialists confirmed diagnosis of participants. Association of early infectious variables with diagnosis was assessed via multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Questionnaire responses for 326 eligible cases (mean age 14.9, 63.5% girls) and 506 healthy pediatric subjects (mean age 14.4, 56.9% girls) were included in analyses. History of flu with high fever before age five (p = 0.01), playing outside in grass and use of special products to treat head lice or scabies (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk of MS in unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and mother's highest educational attainment, these results were not statistically significant. Notably, antibiotic use (p = 0.22) and regular daycare attendance before age 6 (p = 0.09) were not associated with odds of developing MS. CONCLUSION: Early infectious factors investigated in this study were not associated with MS risk.
Authors: Anita L Belman; Lauren B Krupp; Cody S Olsen; John W Rose; Greg Aaen; Leslie Benson; Tanuja Chitnis; Mark Gorman; Jennifer Graves; Yolander Harris; Tim Lotze; Jayne Ness; Moses Rodriguez; Jan-Mendelt Tillema; Emmanuelle Waubant; Bianca Weinstock-Guttman; T Charles Casper Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2016-07 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Trine Rasmussen Nielsen; Klaus Rostgaard; Nete Munk Nielsen; Nils Koch-Henriksen; Sven Haahr; Per Soelberg Sørensen; Henrik Hjalgrim Journal: Arch Neurol Date: 2007-01
Authors: Brittni Frederiksen; Miranda Kroehl; Molly M Lamb; Jennifer Seifert; Katherine Barriga; George S Eisenbarth; Marian Rewers; Jill M Norris Journal: JAMA Pediatr Date: 2013-09 Impact factor: 16.193
Authors: Romain Bouziat; Reinhard Hinterleitner; Judy J Brown; Jennifer E Stencel-Baerenwald; Mine Ikizler; Toufic Mayassi; Marlies Meisel; Sangman M Kim; Valentina Discepolo; Andrea J Pruijssers; Jordan D Ernest; Jason A Iskarpatyoti; Léa M M Costes; Ian Lawrence; Brad A Palanski; Mukund Varma; Matthew A Zurenski; Solomiia Khomandiak; Nicole McAllister; Pavithra Aravamudhan; Karl W Boehme; Fengling Hu; Janneke N Samsom; Hans-Christian Reinecker; Sonia S Kupfer; Stefano Guandalini; Carol E Semrad; Valérie Abadie; Chaitan Khosla; Luis B Barreiro; Ramnik J Xavier; Aylwin Ng; Terence S Dermody; Bana Jabri Journal: Science Date: 2017-04-07 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Jennifer S Graves; Tanuja Chitnis; Bianca Weinstock-Guttman; Jennifer Rubin; Aaron S Zelikovitch; Bardia Nourbakhsh; Timothy Simmons; Michael Waltz; T Charles Casper; Emmanuelle Waubant Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2017-04 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Chad K Porter; David R Tribble; Pablo A Aliaga; Heather A Halvorson; Mark S Riddle Journal: Gastroenterology Date: 2008-06-05 Impact factor: 22.682
Authors: Lauren B Krupp; Marc Tardieu; Maria Pia Amato; Brenda Banwell; Tanuja Chitnis; Russell C Dale; Angelo Ghezzi; Rogier Hintzen; Andrew Kornberg; Daniela Pohl; Kevin Rostasy; Silvia Tenembaum; Evangeline Wassmer Journal: Mult Scler Date: 2013-04-09 Impact factor: 6.312