Outcome Prediction in Acute Stroke Patients by Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between glucose parameters obtained by continuous glucose monitoring and clinical outcomes in acute stroke patients. METHODS AND
RESULTS: Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage within 24 hours after onset were included. A continuous glucose monitoring device (iPro2) was attached for the initial 72 hours after emergent admission. Eight glucose parameters were obtained from continuous glucose monitoring: maximum, minimum, mean, and SD of blood glucose levels, as well as area under the curve more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose, distribution time more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose, coefficient of variation (%CV), and presence of time less than 4 mmol/L over 72 hours. The primary outcome measure was death or dependency at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3). One hundred patients with acute ischemic stroke (n=58) or intracerebral hemorrhage (n=42) were included. Blood glucose levels varied between 5.2±1.4 and 11.4±3.2 mmol/L over 72 hours, with area under the curve more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose of 0.7±1.4 min×mmol/L, distribution time more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose of 31.7±32.7%, coefficient of variation of 15.5±5.4%, and presence of hypoglycemia in 20% of overall patients. Mean glucose level (adjusted odds ratio, 1.60, 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.28/1 mmol/L), area under the curve more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose (2.13, 1.12-4.02/1 min×mmol/L), and distribution time more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose (1.25, 1.05-1.50/10%) were related to death or dependency for overall patients, as well as for acute ischemic stroke patients (2.05, 1.15-3.65; 2.38, 1.04-5.44; 1.85, 1.10-3.10, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: High mean glucose levels, distribution time more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose, and areas under the curve more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose during the initial 72 hours of acute stroke were associated with death or dependency at 3 months.

Clinical Perspective

What Is New?

We examine the relationships between glucose parameters obtained by continuous glucose monitoring and clinical outcomes in acute stroke patients.

Daylong duration of hyperglycemia (≥8 mmol/L) had strong association with higher risk of death or dependency at 3 months and early neurological deterioration within 7 days in overall acute stroke patients.

What Are the Clinical Implications?

Glucose monitoring using the continuous glucose monitoring during the first days of acute stroke may have prospective of outcome prediction.

Although aggressive lowering of glucose levels by insulin glargine is not recommended in current guidelines, continuous glucose monitoring may play an important role in future randomized, controlled trials to determine whether to have glucose control for acute stroke.

High blood glucose levels induced by cortisol produced by stress in acute stroke patients are known to be related to initial neurological severity and poor outcome at 3 months after onset.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 However, the detailed dynamic state of blood glucose is affected by various physical conditions and therapeutic processes in the acute phase of stroke, and, accordingly, its association with stroke outcome has not been clarified. Although glycemic variability is known to be associated with the onset of acute coronary syndrome, and hypoglycemia is known to be a predictor of poor outcomes in intensive care unit patients, the relationships between these blood glucose parameters and outcomes are unknown in acute stroke patients.7, 8, 9 The GIST‐UK (Glucose‐Insulin Stroke Trial‐UK) showed no difference in clinical outcomes between acute stroke patients treated with intravenous insulin, potassium, and glucose and those treated with saline.10 Aggressive lowering of blood glucose using insulin was also associated with poor outcomes in another trial.11, 12 Current guidelines did not show any clinical evidence that targeting the blood glucose to a particular level during acute ischemic stroke improves outcomes.13

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has recently become commercially available to evaluate the detailed dynamics of blood glucose levels. A CGM device records blood glucose levels every 5 minutes and obtains glucose parameters, and patients are accordingly able to receive intensive glucose management.14 The aim of this study was to clarify the detailed dynamics of blood glucose levels in acute stroke patients regardless of the presence of diabetes mellitus using a CGM device and to identify the parameters related to death or dependency at 3 months and early neurological deterioration within 7 days after stroke.

Methods

The data, analytical methods, and study materials will not be made available to other researchers for the purpose of reproducing the results or replicating the procedure.

Patients

This was a prospective, single‐center, observational study. Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage to whom a CGM device could be attached within 24 hours after onset between 9 am and 12 pm were enrolled. Patients with a known bleeding tendency, limited adherence to stable CGM attachment, indication for emergent hematoma evacuation, or who refused to consent were excluded. This study protocol was approved by the ethical review committee of the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, and written informed consent was obtained from the patients or family members.

Glucose Monitoring

In this study, a CGM device (iPro2; Medtronic, Tokyo, Japan) was used to monitor blood glucose levels. Percent mean absolute relative difference, by which the performance of continuous monitoring sensor is characterized, is 11.0% in the CGM device and the data are accurate enough to use for determination of insulin dosage and detection of hypoglycemia.15, 16 The device was attached to the lower right abdomen with minimally invasive 27‐Gauge needles with a length of 10.5 mm introduced subcutaneously. Blood glucose levels were recorded every 5 minutes for up to 72 hours. Blood glucose was also measured from a finger by a glucometer (Medisafe FIT; Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) 4 times a day to calibrate the blood glucose values of the CGM device. Hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level over 8 mmol/L (144 mg/dL), and hypoglycemia was defined as a level below 4 mmol/L (72 mg/dL), based on previous studies.17, 18, 19 Eight blood glucose parameters were evaluated using CGM: (1) maximum, (2) minimum, (3) mean, and (4) SD of blood glucose levels, (5) area under the curve more than 8 mmol/L blood of glucose (8AUC), (6) distribution time more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose (8time‐ratio), (7) coefficient of variation, and (8) presence of a blood glucose level less than 4 mmol/L over 72 hours (Figure). 8AUC was calculated by summing the area values of the time when the blood glucose level was ≥8 mmol/L in Figure. The 8time‐ratio was calculated as the ratio of the time when blood glucose exceeded 8 mmol/L divided by 72 hours. Coefficient of variation was calculated as the ratio of SD divided by mean blood glucose. The blood glucose level and hemoglobin A1c of venous blood samples on admission were also examined.

Figure 1

Eight blood glucose parameters obtained by CGM. (1) Maximum, (2) minimum, (3) mean, and (4) SD of blood glucose during CGM, (5) area under the curve more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose (8AUC), (6) distribution time more than 8 mmol/L of blood glucose (8time‐ratio), (7) coefficient of variation (%CV), and (8) presence of blood glucose level less than 4 mmol/L. 8AUC is calculated by summing area values of the time during which blood glucose level is ≥8 mmol/L in the figure. %CV was calculated as the ratio of SD divided by mean blood glucose. GCM indicates continuous glucose monitoring.

Data Collection

Baseline characteristics of patients, including age, sex, body mass index, current smoking (any), and current drinking (≥2 drinks per day), were recorded. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed when any of the following criteria were satisfied: fasting blood glucose ≥7 mmol/L or casual blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L; blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L 2 hours after the 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test; taking antidiabetic agents; or previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, use of an antihypertensive agent, or previous diagnosis of hypertension. Hyperlipidemia was defined as low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥140 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/L, use of antihyperlipidemic agents, or previous diagnosis of dyslipidemia. Trained stroke neurologists assessed the stroke subtype and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission and on day 7 from admission and the modified Rankin Scale score 3 months after stroke. Ischemic stroke was verified by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography within 24 hours of onset of acute focal brain symptoms. Baseline diffusion‐weighted imaging volumes on admission for acute ischemic patients were measured by automated software (RAPID; iSchemaView Inc, Menlo Park, CA), and acute intracerebral hemorrhage size was measured using semiautomated software (MIPAV; http://mipav.cit.nih.gov/) by 2 neurologists blinded to the clinical information. Patients’ physical conditions and the therapeutic process during CGM (72 hours) that might affect blood glucose levels were also recorded: high temperature over 37.5°C; peripheral parenteral nutrition without oral intake or tubal feeding; and use of oral antidiabetic agents or insulin.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was death or dependency at 3 months, which was defined as an modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6. The secondary outcome was early neurological deterioration, which was defined as an increase of 4 or more points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores from baseline within 7 days after admission, excluding patients who died within 7 days.20, 21

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as means (SD), median values (interquartile range), or numbers (%). Baseline characteristics and glucose parameters were compared by Student t test, Wilcoxon's test, or Pearson's chi‐square test, as appropriate. Multivariable analysis was performed using a logistic regression model for death or dependency at 3 months and early neurological deterioration after the index stroke.

Possible confounding factors, including age, sex, past history of coronary artery disease, past history of congestive heart failure, and the factors with P<0.05 on univariate analysis, were adjusted for the outcome of death or dependency at 3 months: age, sex, and factors with P<0.05 on univariate analysis for early neurological deterioration. Then, the same analysis was repeated for patients with ischemic stroke and those with intracerebral hemorrhage separately. Statistical analysis was conducted using JMP software (version 12.0.1; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).

Results

A total of 100 patients, 58 with ischemic stroke and 42 with intracerebral hemorrhage, were included in this study from October 2015 to June 2016. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of all patients. Table 2 shows the blood glucose parameters obtained from CGM. Blood glucose levels varied between 5.2±1.4 and 11.4±3.2 mmol/L over the 72 hours, with mean 8AUC of 0.7±1.4 min×mmol/L, mean 8time‐ratio of 31.7±32.7%, mean coefficient of variation of 15.5±5.4%, and presence of hypoglycemia in 20% of overall patients.

Table 1

Baseline Characteristics in Overall Stroke Patients

	Overall (n=100)	Death or Dependency		Early Neurological Deterioration
		Absent (n=64)	Present (n=36)	Absent (n=91)	Present (n=7)
Female	40 (40)	24 (38)	16 (44)	38 (42)	2 (29)
Age, y	70±13	69±13	73±13	70±13	72±12
Body mass index, kg/m2	22.7±4.5	23.4±4.8	21.5±3.9a	22.7±4.6	22.9±4.2
Current smoking	31 (31)	23 (36)	8 (22)	29 (32)	2 (29)
Current drinking	41 (41)	30 (47)	11 (31)	38 (42)	3 (42)
Intracerebral hemorrhage as the index stroke	42 (42)	19 (27)	23 (64)a	38 (42)	3 (43)
Hypertension	85 (85)	55 (86)	30 (83)	78 (86)	6 (86)
Dyslipidemia	61 (61)	42 (66)	19 (53)	55 (60)	4 (57)
Diabetes mellitus	26 (26)	16 (25)	10 (28)	21 (23)	4 (57)
Past history of coronary artery disease	14 (14)	11 (17)	3 (8)	13 (14)	1 (11)
Past history of congestive heart failure	8 (8)	4 (6)	4 (11)	8 (9)	0
Past history of stroke	13 (13)	8 (13)	5 (14)	13 (14)	0
Premorbid mRS score	0 [0–0]	0 [0–0]	0 [0–0]	0 [0–0]	0 [0–0]
NIHSS score on admission	6 [2–15]	4 [1–9]	14 [8–23]a	6 [2–15]	5 [0–9]
Blood glucose on admission, mmol/L	7.3±2.2	7.1±2.1	7.7±2.4	7.2±2.1	8.6±2.5
HbA1c, %	6.0±0.9	6.0±0.7	6.1±1.1	5.9±0.8	6.8±1.1a
Physical condition and therapeutic process during CGM
BT over 37.5°C	13 (13)	6 (9)	7 (19)	10 (11)	1 (14)
Peripheral parenteral nutrition	19 (19)	7 (11)	12 (33)a	15 (17)	2 (29)
Usage of glucose‐lowering drug	15 (15)	8 (13)	7 (19)	11 (12)	3 (43)

Data are represented as n (%), mean±SD or median [interquartile range]. BT indicates body temperature; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, indicates National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.

P<0.05.

Table 2

Correlations Between Death or Dependency and Blood Glucose Parameters in Overall Stroke Patients

	Overall (n=100)	Absent (n=64)	Present (n=36)	Crude		Adjusteda
				Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
Maximum, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	11.4±3.2	11.1±2.8	11.9±3.8	1.08 (0.95–1.23)	0.24	1.08 (0.92–1.27)	0.33
Minimum, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	5.2±1.4	5.0±1.4	5.5±1.4	1.26 (0.94–1.69)	0.12	1.06 (0.73–1.54)	0.75
Mean, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	7.8±2.0	7.3±1.6	8.6±2.4b	1.41 (1.11–1.80)	<0.01	1.60 (1.12–2.28)	<0.01
SD, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	1.2±0.6	1.2±0.6	1.3±0.7	1.17 (0.60–2.28)	0.64	0.83 (0.30–2.26)	0.71
8AUC, min×mmol/L (/1 min×mmol/L)	0.7±1.4	0.4±0.8	1.3±1.9b	1.78 (1.15–2.75)	<0.01	2.13 (1.12–4.02)	0.01
8time‐ratio, % (/10%)	31.7±32.7	23.3±25.4	46.7±38.8b	1.25 (1.09–1.43)	<0.01	1.25 (1.05–1.50)	0.01
Coefficient of variation (/10%)	15.5±5.4	16.2±5.2	14.2±5.6	0.48 (0.21–1.11)	0.08	0.35 (0.12–1.02)	0.05
Presence of blood glucose level ≤4 mmol/L	20 (20%)	16 (25%)	4 (11%)	0.38 (0.11–1.22)	0.08	0.32 (0.07–1.38)	0.11

AUC indicates area under the curve; CI, confidence interval.

Adjusted by age, sex, body mass index, intracerebral hemorrhage, past history of coronary artery disease, past history of congestive heart failure, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission, and peripheral parenteral nutrition.

P<0.05.

Analysis of Overall Patients

Patients with death or dependency had a lower body mass index (P=0.03) and higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission (P<0.01), and they more frequently had intracerebral hemorrhage as the index stroke (P<0.01) and peripheral parenteral nutrition (P<0.01; Table 1). Mean glucose level (P<0.01), 8AUC (P<0.01), and 8time‐ratio (P<0.01) were higher in patients with death or dependency than in the others (Table 2). On multivariable analysis, higher levels of mean glucose, 8AUC, and 8time‐ratio were significantly associated with death or dependency.

In the analysis of the secondary outcome, 2 patients who died within 7 days after admission were excluded. Patients with early neurological deterioration had higher hemoglobin A1c (P=0.01) levels on admission than those without neurological deterioration (Table 1). Mean glucose level (P=0.03), 8AUC (P=0.04), and 8time‐ratio (P<0.01) were higher in patients with early neurological deterioration than in those without (Table 3). Only the 8time‐ratio was significantly correlated with neurological deterioration on multivariable analysis.

Table 3

Multivariable Analysis of Early Neurological Deterioration in Overall Stroke Patients

	No Deterioration (n=91)	Deterioration (n=7)	Crude		Adjusteda
			Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
Maximum, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	11.1±2.8	13.1±4.9	1.18 (0.96–1.44)	0.13	1.16 (0.92–1.45)	0.21
Minimum, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	5.1±1.4	5.4±1.0	1.17 (0.68–2.00)	0.58	1.17 (0.65–2.12)	0.60
Mean, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	7.5±1.9	9.1±1.8b	1.35 (1.00–1.82)	0.06	1.10 (0.70–1.74)	0.68
SD, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	1.2±0.6	1.2±0.3	1.15 (0.30–4.41)	0.84	0.30 (0.04–2.35)	0.20
8AUC, min×mmol/L (/1 min×mmol/L)	0.6±1.2	1.5±1.2b	1.50 (0.97–2.32)	0.09	1.01 (0.50–2.03)	0.98
8time‐ratio, % (/10%)	27.5±29.7	69.6±35.9b	1.42 (1.12–1.82)	<0.01	1.36 (1.01–1.82)	0.04
Coefficient of variation (/10%)	15.6±5.5	13.3±2.3	0.39 (0.07–2.21)	0.26	0.20 (0.03–1.46)	0.08
Presence of blood glucose level ≤4 mmol/L	20 (22%)	0	···	0.07	···	0.10

AUC indicates area under the curve; CI, confidence interval.

Adjusted by age, sex, hemoglobin A1c.

P<0.05.

Analysis of Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Patients with death or dependency were older (P=0.02) and had higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (P<0.01) and larger diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging lesion volume on admission (P<0.01) than those without death or dependency (Table S1). Mean glucose levels, 8AUC, and 8time‐ratio were significantly higher in the death or dependency group than independent patients, and all 3 parameters were related to death or dependency on multivariable analysis (Table 4).

Table 4

Multivariable Analysis of Death or Dependency in the Ischemic Stroke Group

	Absent (n=45)	Present (n=13)	Crude		Adjusteda
			Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
Maximum, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	11.2±2.8	12.1±3.8	1.10 (0.91–1.32)	0.35	1.02 (0.67–1.55)	0.94
Minimum, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	4.9±1.2	5.6±1.5	1.54 (0.94–2.52)	0.08	1.86 (0.66–5.21)	0.19
Mean, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	7.2±1.9	9.1±2.8b	1.38 (1.05–1.81)	0.01	2.05 (1.15–3.65)	<0.01
SD, mmol/L (/1 mmol/L)	1.2±0.6	1.3±0.9	1.20 (0.50–2.91)	0.69	1.09 (0.19–6.18)	0.92
8AUC, min×mmol/L (/1 min×mmol/L)	0.4±0.9	1.7±2.3b	1.78 (1.10–2.89)	<0.01	2.38 (1.04–5.44)	0.03
8time‐ratio, % (/10%)	20.9±24.5	53.5±41.4b	1.34 (1.10–1.63)	<0.01	1.85 (1.10–3.10)	0.01
Coefficient of variation (/10%)	16.7±5.4	14.1±5.4	0.37 (0.09–1.47)	0.14	0.14 (0.01–2.17)	0.11
Presence of blood glucose level ≤4 mmol/L	11 (24%)	2 (15%)	0.56 (0.11–2.93)	0.48	···	0.07

AUC indicates area under the curve; CI, confidence interval.

Adjusted by age, sex, past history of coronary artery disease, past history of congestive heart failure, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission, and diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance image lesion volume on admission.

P<0.05.

In analysis of early neurological deterioration, mean glucose levels (P=0.02), 8AUC (P=0.02), and 8time‐ratio (P<0.01) were higher in patients with early neurological deterioration (Table S2). These 3 glucose parameters were related to early neurological deterioration on multivariable analysis.

Analysis of Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Table S3 shows patients’ baseline characteristics, and Tables S4 and S5 show the glucose parameters. No glucose parameters obtained from CGM were related to death or dependency or early neurological deterioration on uni‐ and multivariable analyses.

Discussion

Relationships between consecutive detailed dynamics of blood glucose levels using a CGM device and clinical outcomes after acute stroke were examined. 8AUC and the 8time‐ratio were the most influential factors related to death or dependency at 3 months for overall patients, as well as the ischemic stroke group. The 8time‐ratio was also related to neurological deterioration within 7 days after onset. This is the first study to clarify the associations of multiple parameters measured by CGM during the first days of stroke with clinical outcomes.

In previous studies, sustained high blood glucose levels after admission led to poor outcomes.2, 3, 4, 5 However, blood glucose was measured only a few times, and the detailed dynamic state was unknown. The CGM device has recently been used to examine the detailed dynamic state in diabetic patients with simple and safe installation. Baird et al1 examined blood glucose levels using the CGM in 25 patients with anterior circulation stroke syndrome; only mean blood glucose level was measured as a glucose parameter to examine its relationship to poor outcomes. Ribo et al22 showed that the longer duration of blood glucose ≥140 mg/dL on the CGM and the longer time to middle cerebral artery recanalization after intravenous thrombolysis were related to unfavorable outcomes at 3 months in 47 ischemic stroke patients. Shimoyama et al23 indicated that mean glucose level, large area under the curve >140 mg/dL, and SD on the CGM were associated with infarct volume growth in 78 ischemic stroke patients with internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery occlusion.

In acute ischemic stroke patients, hyperglycemia is known to be an independent predictor of larger infarct size, unfavorable outcome, and high risk of mortality.24 Severity of stroke symptoms and large infarct size leads to high production of cortisol and norepinephrine attributed to stress.25 Hyperglycemia in the acute stroke phase is a manifestation of relative insulin deficiency, which is related to increased lipolysis.24 Patients with these factors tend to have hyperglycemia in the acute stroke phase regardless of the presence of diabetes mellitus.26, 27

This study showed that a high mean blood glucose level and day‐long duration of hyperglycemia were related to death or dependency at 3 months. Especially in ischemic stroke patients, day‐long duration of hyperglycemia had a strong association with higher risk of the outcome in the hours after acute stroke, accelerating brain damage.22 Elevation of blood glucose levels caused activation of the coagulant system, suppression of the fibrinolytic system, and production of free radicals.26, 28, 29, 30, 31 This elevation may also lead to acidosis, excitatory amino acids, and injury to the blood–brain barrier, which cause ischemic brain damage in animal models and expand ischemic lesions volumetrically.1, 23, 25, 32 Expanding lesions may lead to production of cortisol and norepinephrine, which worsen hyperglycemia. Persistence of this vicious circle of hyperglycemia might relate to early neurological deterioration within 7 days and worse chronic stroke outcomes. CGM can monitor blood glucose more precisely than the ways in previous trials and may play an important role in future randomized, controlled trials to prove this hypothesis.

There was no relationship between glucose parameters obtained from CGM and death or dependency or early neurological deterioration in the intracerebral hemorrhage group in the present study. Generally, a long duration of hyperglycemia induces edema around the hematoma, causing expansion of cell damage, which leads to the production of more cortisol in intracerebral hemorrhage,5, 33, 34 and it is accordingly associated with unfavorable outcomes.35, 36, 37 Thus, the negative findings in the present study might be attributed to the small sample size.

The present study has some limitations. First, the sample size was not large enough, which might cause statistical errors. For example, area under the curve and the time ratio of hypoglycemia could not be examined. Second, the observational study design made the interpretation of the results difficult; it was not possible to determine whether the blood glucose parameters during the initial 72 hours affected clinical outcomes or the neurological fluctuation during the initial 72 hours affected blood glucose dynamics.

Conclusion

8AUC and the 8time‐ratio were the most influential factors related to death or dependency at 3 months in overall stroke patients, especially in the ischemic stroke group. The 8time‐ratio was also related to neurological deterioration within 7 days after onset. Although aggressive lowering of glucose levels by insulin glargine is not recommended in current guidelines,13, 38 new diabetes mellitus medicines have recently been used to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia.39, 40 To determine whether to use such new therapeutic agents in acute stroke patients, glucose monitoring using the CGM during the first days of stroke seems to be important.

Author Contributions

Wada, Yoshimura, Inoue, Matsuki, Arihiro, and Makino contributed to the concept and rationale for the study. Wada, Yoshimura, Inoue, and Toyoda contributed to statistical analysis. All authors participated in drafting and approval of the final manuscript and take responsibility for the content and interpretation of this article.

Sources of Funding

The present study was supported by Intramural Research Fund (24‐4‐3) for Cardiovascular Diseases of the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center.

Disclosures

None.

Table S1. Baseline Characteristics in Ischemic Stroke

Table S2. Multivariable Analysis of Early Neurological Deterioration in the Ischemic Stroke Group

Table S3. Baseline Characteristics in the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Group

Table S4. Multivariable Analysis of Death or Dependency Outcome in the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Group

Table S5. Multivariable Analysis of Early Neurological Deterioration in the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Group

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