Bénédicte Stengel1, Marie Metzger1, Christian Combe2,3, Christian Jacquelinet1,4, Serge Briançon5,6, Carole Ayav5, Denis Fouque7, Maurice Laville7, Luc Frimat6,8, Christophe Pascal9, Yves-Edouard Herpe10,11, Pascal Morel12, Jean-François Deleuze13, Joost P Schanstra14,15, Céline Lange1,4, Karine Legrand5,6, Elodie Speyer1, Sophie Liabeuf1,11, Bruce M Robinson16, Ziad A Massy1,17. 1. Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), UMRS 1018, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France. 2. Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation-Dialyse-Aphérèse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. 3. INSERM, U1026, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France. 4. Agence de la Biomédecine, Saint-Denis, France. 5. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Nancy, INSERM CIC-EC 1433, Nancy, France. 6. EA4360 Apemac, Université de Lorraine, Université Paris-Descartes, Nancy, France. 7. Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Université de Lyon, UCBL, Carmen, Pierre-Bénite, France. 8. Department of Nephrology, CHU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. 9. Institute for Education and Research in Health Care and Social Service, Jean Moulin Lyon 3 university, Lyon, France. 10. Biobanque de Picardie, Amiens, France. 11. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France. 12. Etablissement Français du Sang, Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France. 13. Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, CEA, Evry, France. 14. INSERM U1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France. 15. Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France. 16. Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 17. Department of Nephrology, CHU Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France.
Abstract
Background: The French Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort study was designed to investigate the determinants of prognosis and care of patients referred to nephrologists with moderate and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined their baseline risk profile and experience. Methods: We collected bioclinical and patient-reported information from 3033 outpatients with CKD and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) of 15-60 mL/min/1.73 m2 treated at 40 nationally representative public and private facilities. Results: The patients' median age was 69 (60-76) years, 65% were men, their mean eGFR was 33 mL/min/1.73 m2, 43% had diabetes, 24% had a history of acute kidney injury (AKI) and 57% had uncontrolled blood pressure (BP; >140/90 mmHg). Men had worse risk profiles than women and were more likely to be past or current smokers (73% versus 34%) and have cardiovascular disease (59% versus 42%), albuminuria >30 mg/mmol (or proteinuria > 50) (40% versus 30%) (all P < 0.001) and a higher median risk of end-stage renal disease within 5 years, predicted by the kidney failure risk equation {12% [interquartile range (IQR) 3-37%] versus 9% [3-31%], P = 0.008}. During the previous year, 60% of patients reported one-to-two nephrologist visits and four or more general practitioner visits; only 25% saw a dietician and 75% were prescribed five or more medications daily. Physical and mental quality of life (QoL) were poor, with scores <50/100. Conclusions: The CKD-REIN study highlights high-risk profiles of cohort members and identifies several priorities, including improving BP control and dietary counselling and increasing doctors' awareness of AKI, polypharmacy and QoL. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03381950.
Background: The French Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort study was designed to investigate the determinants of prognosis and care of patients referred to nephrologists with moderate and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined their baseline risk profile and experience. Methods: We collected bioclinical and patient-reported information from 3033 outpatients with CKD and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) of 15-60 mL/min/1.73 m2 treated at 40 nationally representative public and private facilities. Results: The patients' median age was 69 (60-76) years, 65% were men, their mean eGFR was 33 mL/min/1.73 m2, 43% had diabetes, 24% had a history of acute kidney injury (AKI) and 57% had uncontrolled blood pressure (BP; >140/90 mmHg). Men had worse risk profiles than women and were more likely to be past or current smokers (73% versus 34%) and have cardiovascular disease (59% versus 42%), albuminuria >30 mg/mmol (or proteinuria > 50) (40% versus 30%) (all P < 0.001) and a higher median risk of end-stage renal disease within 5 years, predicted by the kidney failure risk equation {12% [interquartile range (IQR) 3-37%] versus 9% [3-31%], P = 0.008}. During the previous year, 60% of patients reported one-to-two nephrologist visits and four or more general practitioner visits; only 25% saw a dietician and 75% were prescribed five or more medications daily. Physical and mental quality of life (QoL) were poor, with scores <50/100. Conclusions: The CKD-REIN study highlights high-risk profiles of cohort members and identifies several priorities, including improving BP control and dietary counselling and increasing doctors' awareness of AKI, polypharmacy and QoL. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03381950.
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