BACKGROUND: Thoracoscopic surgery has gradually become the major procedure for lung cancer surgery in our department. Its characteristics are minimal trauma and quick recovery, which make approximately 90% of patients discharge from the hospital after surgery. However, the postoperative complications still happen now and then. We analyzed the patients who had been hospitalized for longer than 7 days after thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery, aiming to summarize the types and risk factors of complications, and improve postoperative safety of patients. METHODS: The data were come from the prospective database of Thoracic Surgery Unit One in Peking Cancer Hospital, and patients that underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary surgery between Jan. 2010 and Dec. 2014 with length of stay more than 7 days were included in the study. The classifications of the complications were investigated and graded as mild or severe complications according to modified Claviengrading, the relationship between clinical factors and degrees of complications was also analyzed. RESULTS: The hospitalization of 115 cases were longer than 7 days after surgery, accounting for 10.3% (115/1,112) of the whole patients that underwent surgery during the same period. Eighty-one cases had mild complications, accounting for 7.3% (81/1,112) of the whole cases that underwent surgery during the same period and 70.4% (81/115) of the cases with prolonged length of stay; the proportions of severe complications in both groups were 3.1% (34/1,112) and 29.6% (34/115), respectively; and the proportions of complications that caused perioperative deaths were 0.18% (2/1112) and 1.7% (2/115), respectively. Among all the postoperative complications, the most common was air leakage for more than 5 days after surgery, with a total of 20 cases (1.8% and 17.4%). The other common complications were: atelectasis (19 cases, 1.7% and 16.5%), pulmonary infection (18 cases, 1.6% and 15.7%), etc. The less common complications was bronchopleural fistula (4 cases, 0.36% and 3.5%) with very high risk, and 2 cases died perioperatively due to the combination of acute respiratory distresssyndrome (ARDS). In the clinical factors, only preoperative low pulmonary function (FEV1%<70%) was the potential risk factor for postoperative severe complications (45.8% vs 23.6%, P=0.038). There was no significant difference either regarding the 5 year disease free survival or the 5 year overall survival between mild complication group and severe complication group, with 5 year DFS being 52.2% and 51.9%, respectively (P=0.894) , and 5 year overall survival being 64.0% and 53.5%, respectively (P=0.673). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous postoperative air leakage, atelectasis and pulmonary infections were the major causes for prolonged hospitalization after thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer, and bronchopleural fistula was the most perilous complications. Patients with low preoperative pulmonary function were more likely to have severe postoperative complication, however, this would not influence the long term survival of the patients.
BACKGROUND: Thoracoscopic surgery has gradually become the major procedure for lung cancer surgery in our department. Its characteristics are minimal trauma and quick recovery, which make approximately 90% of patients discharge from the hospital after surgery. However, the postoperative complications still happen now and then. We analyzed the patients who had been hospitalized for longer than 7 days after thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery, aiming to summarize the types and risk factors of complications, and improve postoperative safety of patients. METHODS: The data were come from the prospective database of Thoracic Surgery Unit One in Peking Cancer Hospital, and patients that underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary surgery between Jan. 2010 and Dec. 2014 with length of stay more than 7 days were included in the study. The classifications of the complications were investigated and graded as mild or severe complications according to modified Claviengrading, the relationship between clinical factors and degrees of complications was also analyzed. RESULTS: The hospitalization of 115 cases were longer than 7 days after surgery, accounting for 10.3% (115/1,112) of the whole patients that underwent surgery during the same period. Eighty-one cases had mild complications, accounting for 7.3% (81/1,112) of the whole cases that underwent surgery during the same period and 70.4% (81/115) of the cases with prolonged length of stay; the proportions of severe complications in both groups were 3.1% (34/1,112) and 29.6% (34/115), respectively; and the proportions of complications that caused perioperative deaths were 0.18% (2/1112) and 1.7% (2/115), respectively. Among all the postoperative complications, the most common was air leakage for more than 5 days after surgery, with a total of 20 cases (1.8% and 17.4%). The other common complications were: atelectasis (19 cases, 1.7% and 16.5%), pulmonary infection (18 cases, 1.6% and 15.7%), etc. The less common complications was bronchopleural fistula (4 cases, 0.36% and 3.5%) with very high risk, and 2 cases died perioperatively due to the combination of acute respiratory distresssyndrome (ARDS). In the clinical factors, only preoperative low pulmonary function (FEV1%<70%) was the potential risk factor for postoperative severe complications (45.8% vs 23.6%, P=0.038). There was no significant difference either regarding the 5 year disease free survival or the 5 year overall survival between mild complication group and severe complication group, with 5 year DFS being 52.2% and 51.9%, respectively (P=0.894) , and 5 year overall survival being 64.0% and 53.5%, respectively (P=0.673). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous postoperative air leakage, atelectasis and pulmonary infections were the major causes for prolonged hospitalization after thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer, and bronchopleural fistula was the most perilous complications. Patients with low preoperative pulmonary function were more likely to have severe postoperative complication, however, this would not influence the long term survival of the patients.
Entities:
Keywords:
Complications; Hospitalization; Lung neoplasms; Video assisted thoracic surgery
我们将可能引起术后严重并发症的因素分为一般因素和治疗相关因素,一般因素包括年龄、性别、是否吸烟、肺功能、合并症(高血压,慢性阻塞性肺病,冠状动脉疾病和糖尿病)、病理类型及病理分期,其中仅肺功能与并发症严重程度相关,FEV1% < 70%者出现术后严重并发症概率更高(45.8% vs 23.6%, P=0.038),而既往COPD患者似乎更易发生严重并发症(66.7% vs 33.3%),但P=0.154;治疗相关因素包括是否新辅助化疗、手术术式、手术时间、麻醉评分及是否术中输血,结果手术术式中单纯肺叶切除比亚肺叶切除及复杂肺叶切除更容易出现严重并发症(36.8% vs 10% vs 5.65, P=0.011),麻醉评分2级/3级者(34.1% vs 16.7%)及术中输血者(60.0% vs 28.25%)出现术后严重并发症概率似乎更高,但差异均无统计学意义(表 3)。
3
不同程度术后并发症间治疗差异比较
Comparison of the therapy between different degrees of postoperative complications
n
Complications
P
Clavien 1-2
Clavien 3-5
ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
0.846
Yes
25
18 (72.0%)
7 (18.0%)
No
90
63 (70.0%)
27 (30.0%)
Surgical procedure
0.011
Sublobectomy
10
9 (90.0%)
1 (10.0%)
Lobectomy
87
55 (63.2%)
32 (36.8%)
Bronchial sleeve resection/pneumonectomy
18
17 (94.4%)
1 (5.6%)
Operation time
0.244
< 135 min
57
43 (75.4%)
14 (24.6%)
≥135 min
58
38 (65.5%)
20 (34.5%)
ASA
0.072
Status 1
30
25 (83.3%)
5 (16.7%)
Status 2/3
85
56 (65.9%)
29 (34.1%)
Intraoperative blood transfusion
0.127
Yes
5
2 (40.0%)
3 (60.0%)
No
110
79 (71.8%)
31 (28.2%)
不同程度术后并发症间治疗差异比较Comparison of the therapy between different degrees of postoperative complications
影响115例术后住院延长患者远期预后的因素
本组患者中位无疾病生存时间为68.4个月(95%CI:43.1个月-93.8个月),5年总生存率为62.3%。按照术后并发症严重程度进行分层分析,轻度并发症者与重度并发症者5年无疾病生存率分别为52.2% vs 51.9%,P=0.894;两者5年总生存率分别为64.0% vs 53.5%,P=0.673,术后并发症严重程度并不会影响远期预后(图 1)。
1
不同并发症严重程度分级患者OS(A)及DFS(B)Kaplan-Meier曲线
OS (A) and DFS (B) Kaplan-Meier curves in patients with different grade of postoperative complications. OS: overall survival; DFS: disease-free survival.
不同并发症严重程度分级患者OS(A)及DFS(B)Kaplan-Meier曲线OS (A) and DFS (B) Kaplan-Meier curves in patients with different grade of postoperative complications. OS: overall survival; DFS: disease-free survival.
讨论
胸腔镜肺手术开始于20世纪90年代初期,历经近30年发展,其适应证由最初良性疾病的楔形切除,发展到如今包括支气管、血管袖式切除在内的各式复杂肺癌手术,已成为肺癌外科首选的术式[。随着胸腔镜肺手术技术的不断进步,在等同常规开胸手术肿瘤学治疗效果的前提下,能够使手术时间更短、创伤更小,让患者痛苦更轻、并发症更少且恢复更快[。值得一提的是,随着多学科的进步、手术技术的提高、围手术期处理保证,以年龄、器官功能、合并疾病为组合考虑的手术适应症在不断扩大,手术禁忌证正在不断缩小,高风险患者接受手术的机会越来越多。这一方面为那些肿瘤学边缘(分期较晚)或外科学边缘(高龄或器官功能异常)的患者提供了手术机会,但另一方面也是造成手术死亡增高、并发症增加的直接原因[。如何更好的减少术后并发症,缩短术后住院时间,是所有胸外科医师不断追求的目标。因此,我们回顾性分析胸腔镜肺癌术后因并发症导致住院时间延长的患者,希望从失败中找寻原因,通过加强围手术期管理,进一步提高胸腔镜肺癌手术质量,降低术后严重并发症。1992年Clavien等[提出评估并发症严重程度的标准-Clavien并发症分级系统(简称Clavien分级)。该系统将手术相关不良事件分为并发症(complication)、治疗失败(failure to cure)及后遗症(sequela)三类,并按并发症严重程度及所需处理措施将并发症分为四个级别。2004年Dindo等[在总结6, 336例患者手术并发症资料的基础上对此系统进行了更新,制定了改良Clavien并发症分级系统,并经后续研究证明改良系统的客观性及可重复性较突出,便于不同医院之间进行手术疗效分析以及并发症的对比。我们分析了肺癌术后因并发症住院时间延长的115例患者,通过比较其一般资料及治疗相关信息,期望找到术后严重并发症(改良Clavien分级3级-5级)的有关因素。结果显示在众多可能的因素中低肺功能(FEV1% < 70%)可能是造成术后严重并发症的因素;而其他常见的因素,如高龄、吸烟、术前合并症、新辅助化疗及手术时间长等均不是严重并发症的相关因素。原因可能是充足的术前准备,术中严格操作及围手术期管理的加强,避免了这些不良因素对术后并发症的影响,使得整组患者严重并发症发生率仅3.1%。尽管如此,但为了更好的降低肺癌术后并发症发生率,几种本研究常见的和危害较大的并发症也值得我们进一步的探讨。持续漏气指是肺切除术后最常见的并发症之一。几乎所有接受肺叶切除的病人都有一定程度的术后漏气,临床表现为胸腔引流系统持续气泡,但大部分漏气源于肺实质裁制切缘或分离叶间裂时肺破损处,多在手术后24 h-48 h内剩余肺组织复张到完全填满胸腔[。如果漏气持续超过5天-7天,则认为是持续的,会增加并发症率和延长住院时间[。持续漏气如若引流不畅,还会引起皮下、纵隔气肿,甚至张力性气胸危及生命。本组患者术后最常见并发症为持续漏气超过5天,共20例,均为分离叶间裂处肺破损引起,虽然并未引起严重并发症,但增加了患者引流管带管时间,延长了住院时间,手术中对于叶间裂发育欠佳者,叶间裂处理可采用腔镜下切割闭合器,对于试水漏气处应缝合。另外一项引起住院时间延长的常见并发症是肺不张,肺切除术后肺不张通常见于术前有肺部疾病合并症、肺功能较差者,由于术中及术后呼吸道分泌物清理不足(术中吸痰不佳、术后拔管前未肺复张、术后咳嗽差、不活动等),导致残余肺实质通气不足而引起的,加强术前呼吸道准备,手术麻醉结束前呼吸机肺复张,以及术后早期下床活动可以减少肺不张的发生。本组19例肺不张患者中有10例为右肺术后出现的右肺中叶不张,经过多次床旁支气管镜吸痰后均复张良好。另外,支气管袖状切除术后由于吻合部位上皮细胞的血管及淋巴管破坏造成局部水肿,或吻合肺叶部分去神经化造成排痰不畅,会有5%-10%的患者出现术后肺不张[。本研究出现的1例右肺上叶袖式切除后右肺中叶不张,经吸痰等保守治疗2周后逐渐复张。支气管胸膜瘘是一项紧急的、严重的肺切除术后并发症,可在术后任何时间发生,但最常发生在术后8天-12天内。突发的支气管胸膜瘘会因胸腔积液突然大量进入呼吸道造成误吸,或因张力性气胸而危及生命[。全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘发生率高于肺叶切除术和袖式切除术,但后两者支气管胸膜瘘发生率相当。所有形式的肺切除术后,支气管胸膜瘘发生率在2%-13%之间,死亡率为30%-70%[。本组患者中,虽然支气管胸膜瘘发生率仅为0.36%,但发生后死亡率高达50%,均为误吸造成肺部感染导致呼吸衰竭死亡。特别是肺癌术后住院时间不断缩短,晚期瘘的患者出院后很难发现,且容易因抢救不及时耽误治疗。因此,围手术期保证充足营养,术中尽量缩短支气管残端,保证残端切缘净,术中严格试水漏气试验,并且对术后胸片持续出现液气胸,或伴有持续白细胞升高者高度警惕,积极行支气管镜检查,能够有效避免及早期发现支气管胸膜瘘。术后并发症的发生原因包括患者本身重要脏器的功能、疾病本身的性质与范围(TNM分期)、以及治疗措施的得当与否。选择合适生理条件的病人,较早期的病变,以及掌握良好的外科技术是降低手术死亡的重要前提。严于术前准备,精于术中操作,善于术后管理是降低食管癌手术并发症和死亡的保证。同时,客观、准确、适时的分析既往并发症的原因及相关因素有助于我们更好的避免其发生,增加患者治疗安全性。
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