Wagdy M Eldehna1, Mahmoud F Abo-Ashour2, Hany S Ibrahim2, Ghada H Al-Ansary3, Hazem A Ghabbour4,5, Mahmoud M Elaasser6, Hanaa Y A Ahmed6, Nesreen A Safwat6. 1. a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafrelsheikh , Egypt. 2. b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Egyptian Russian University , Badr City , Egypt. 3. c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt. 4. d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia. 5. e Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt. 6. f The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt.
Abstract
On account of their significance as apoptosis inducing agents, merging indole and 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one scaffolds is a logic tactic for designing pro-apoptotic agents. Consequently, 27 hybrids (6a-r, 9a-f and 11a-c) were synthesised and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG-2 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. SAR studies unravelled that N-propylindole derivatives were the most active compounds such as 6n (MCF-7; IC50=1.04 µM), which displayed a significant decrease of cell population in the G2/M phase and significant increase in the early and late apoptosis by 19-folds in Annexin-V-FTIC assay. Also, 6n increased the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome C and Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q generated ROS by significant increase in the level of SOD and depletion of the levels of CAT and GSH-Px in MCF-7.
On account of their significance as apoptosis inducing agents, merging indole and 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one scaffolds is a logic tactic for designing pro-apoptotic agents. Consequently, 27 hybrids (6a-r, 9a-f and 11a-c) were synthesised and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG-2 and HCT-116cancercell lines. SAR studies unravelled that N-propylindole derivatives were the most active compounds such as 6n (MCF-7; IC50=1.04 µM), which displayed a significant decrease of cell population in the G2/M phase and significant increase in the early and late apoptosis by 19-folds in Annexin-V-FTIC assay. Also, 6n increased the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome C and Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q generated ROS by significant increase in the level of SOD and depletion of the levels of CAT and GSH-Px in MCF-7.
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is considered as an essential mechanism by the body to get rid of unwanted cells. Therefore, triggering apoptosis in cancercells will lead to automatic death and increase the relief from cancer proliferation. Thoroughly understanding the mechanism of apoptosis reveals that it is affected by the expression of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, including either anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic members. Induction of apoptosis is considered as one of the most successful strategies to target cancer.Indole is a well-known interesting scaffold to generate anticancer agents through induction of apoptosis. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) (Figure 1), a naturally occurring compound found in family Cruciferae, displayed a remarkable activity against different types of cancercells including breast, colon, leukaemia and prostate. This activity was justified by its ability to induce apoptosis through arresting G1/S phase of cell cycle,. Interestingly, under acidicconditions, indole-3-carbinol is dimerised into 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) which exhibited superior activity as apoptosis inducing agent over indole-3-carbinol,. Moreover, Phemindole (Figure 1) overcame the poor bioavailability of DIM and illustrated apoptoticactivity against triple negative breast cancercells (MDA-MB-231) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Modifications for both I3C and DIM took place to get more active compounds. For example, OSU-A9, N-substituted derivative of I3C, was 100 times more potent than the parent compound (the range of IC50 of OSU-A9 against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and SKBR3 is 1.2–1.8 µM and IC50 of IC3 = 200 µM) with more acid stability against both breast and prostate cancercells (Figure 1),. In addition, 1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (I), a derivative of Phemindole, was found to promote apoptosis in both pancreatic and colon cancercells in vivo as well as in vitro,.
Figure 1.
Reported indole derivatives with apoptotic activity.
Reported indole derivatives with apoptoticactivity.On the other hand, several 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one derivatives proved their anticanceractivity through induction of apoptosis in various cancercells. For instance, compounds IIa–c (Figure 2) showed cytotoxicactivity against HepG2cancercells with IC50 range (1.0–2.4 µM). The apoptosis in HepG2cells by compounds IIa–c was investigated through increasing the expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, and decreasing the expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apototic protein, accompanied by high levels of caspase-3. Moreover, compound III, a water-soluble oxindole derivative (Figure 2), possessed EC50 = 0.14 µM against humancolorectal cells; HCT-116. It had an inhibitory activity against tubulin polymerisation (IC50 = 0.19 µM) through induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, compound IV had the ability to activate caspase 3/7 and promote apoptosis in Panc1cells. The use of 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one as apoptosis inducer was augmented by designing bis-isatin hydrazonesconnected with linker as in compound V (Figure 2). It showed cytotoxicactivity against two cancercell lines, namely MCF-7 and HCT-116 with an IC50 of 1.84 µM and 3.31 µM, respectively. The pro-apoptoticactivity of this compound was assured by cell cycle disruption and Annexin-VFTIC analysis.
Figure 2.
Reported 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one derivatives (II–V) with apoptotic activity.
Reported 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one derivatives (II–V) with apoptoticactivity.Inspired by these findings and as a part of our ongoing efforts towards developing novel and potent anticancer agents based on the indoline-2-one moiety, we herein report the design and synthesis of new three different sets of indole-indolin-2-one hybrids 6a–r, 9a–f and 11a–c (Figure 3), with the prime goal of developing potent anticancer agents with potential pro-apoptoticactivity. First, methylenehydrazono (HC=N–N=) linker was selected to conjugate the indole and indolin-2-one moieties. Then, three strategies were applied to develop the three hybrids series. For the first series 6a–r, indole-3-carboxaldehyde or a variety of N-alkylated indole derivatives (N-methyl, N-propyl or N-benzyl) was conjugated with 5-/7-substituted indolin-2-one moieties. In the second series 9a–f, indole-3-carboxaldehyde was hybridised with a variety of N-alkylated indolin-2-one derivatives (N-methyl, N-propyl or N-benzyl). Regarding the third series, it was designed so as to maintain the pharmacophoricN-propyl-indole moiety while exploring the chemical variation at the N-position of the indolin-2-one moiety, in an attempt to optimise the obtained cytotoxicity results from the first and the second series and to carry out further elaboration of the indole-indolin-2-one hybrid scaffolds to explore a valuable SAR.
Figure 3.
The designed compounds (6a–r, 9a–f and 11a–c) as apoptosis-inducing agents.
The designed compounds (6a–r, 9a–f and 11a–c) as apoptosis-inducing agents.All compounds will be subjected to cytotoxicactivity. According to the results, the most active hybrid will be further investigated regarding its effects on cell cycle progression and potential apoptotic effect in the MCF-7cells, to acquire perception of the mechanism of the anti-proliferative activity of the synthesised hybrids. As inhibition of apoptotic markers (as Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 3 and 9 and cytochrome C) leads to the accumulation of ROS and results in oxidative stress, some oxidative stress parameters will be taken into consideration in our biological study.
Materials and methods
Chemistry
Melting points were measured with a Stuart melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. Infrared (IR) Spectra were recorded as KBr disks using Schimadzu FT-IR 8400S spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Mass spectral data are given by GCMS-QP1000 EX spectrometer at 70 eV. NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury NMR spectrometer. 1H spectrum was run at 400 MHz and 13C spectrum was run at 100 MHz in deuterated dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO-d). Chemical shifts are expressed in values (ppm) using the solvent peak as internal standard. All coupling constant (J) values are given in Hertz. The abbreviations used are as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet; m, multiplet. Elemental analyses were carried out at the Regional Center for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel plates containing UV indicator was employed routinely to follow the course of reactions and to check the purity of products.
Synthesis of 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde
Compound 2 was prepared according to the literature procedure.
Synthesis of 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-ones 4a–f
To a stirred solution of isatins 3a–f (5 mmol) in methyl alcohol (10 ml), 99% hydrazine hydrate (1.25 ml, 25 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 h, and then the formed precipitate was filtered off, washed with cold methanol, dried and recrystallised from glacial acetic acid to furnish hydrazones 4a–f.
Synthesis of N-substituted-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde derivatives 5a–c
Compounds 5a–c were prepared according to the literature procedure.
General procedure for the synthesis of target compounds 6a–r
A mixture of 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-ones 4a–f (1 mmol) and 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 2 or the appropriate N-substituted-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 5a–c (1 mmol), was refluxed in absolute ethyl alcohol in the presence of a catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid for 3 h, and then cooled to room temperature. The solid formed was collected by filtration, dried and crystallised from dioxane to produce compounds 6a–r, respectively.
HepG-2, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancercell lines were obtained from VACSERA Tissue Culture Unit. The cells were propagated in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine, HEPES buffer and 50 µg/ml gentamycin. All cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 and were subcultured two times a week. Cytotoxicity was determined following a reported procedure. The relation between surviving cells and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumourcell line after treatment with the specified compound. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was estimated from graphic plots of the dose response curve for each conc. using Graphpad Prism software (San Diego, CA). The data presented are the mean of at least three separate experiments.
In vitro anti-proliferative activity by NCI-USA
The anticancer assays were performed in accordance with the protocol of the Drug Evaluation Branch, NCI, Bethesda, MD. A 48 h drug exposure protocol was used and sulphorhodamine B (SRB) protein assay was applied to estimate the cell viability and growth, as reported earlier,.
DNA-flow cytometry analysis
To determine the effect of compound 6n on the cell cycle distribution MCF-7cell line; cell cycle analysis was performed using the CycleTEST™ PLUS DNA Reagent Kit (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA). Control cells with known DNA content (PBMCs) were used as a reference point for determining the DI (DNA Index) for the test samples. The cells were stained with propodium iodide stain following the procedure provided by the kit and then run on the DNA cytometer. Cell-cycle distribution was calculated using CELLQUEST software (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA).
Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay
Apoptoticcells were further analysed by Annexin V-FITC/DAPI assay (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). Briefly, MCF-7cells were cultured to a monolayer then treated with compound 6n at the IC50 concentration (1.04 µM) as described earlier. Cells were then harvested through trypsinisation, and rinsed twice in PBS followed by binding buffer. Moreover, cells were re-suspended in 100 lL of binding buffer with the addition of 1 lL of FITC-Annexin V (Becton Dickinson BD PharmingenTM, Heidelberg, Germany) followed by an incubation period of 30 min at 4 °C. Cells were then rinsed in binding buffer and re-suspended in 150 lL of binding buffer with the addition of 1 lL of DAPI (1 lg/lL in PBS) (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany). Cells were then analysed using the flow cytometer BD FACS Canto II (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and the results were interpreted with FlowJo7.6.4 software (Tree Star, FlowJo LLC, Ashland, OR)
RNA extraction, real-time PCR analysis and quantification of gene expression
The gene expression of caspase3, caspase8, caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome-C was assessed by total mRNA extraction from cells using RNeasy Mini Kit®, Up to 1 × 107 cells, depending on the cell line, are disrupted in Buffer RLT and homogenised & disrupted, Ethanol is then added to the lysate, creating conditions that promote selective binding of RNA to the RNeasy membrane. The sample is then applied to the RNeasy Mini spin column. Total RNA binds to the membrane, contaminants are efficiently was headway, and high-quality RNA is eluted in RNase-free water. Primer sequences for each gene were as follows: caspase-3 forward primer 5′-TGCATACTCCACAGCACCTGGTTA-3′ and reverse primer 5′-CATGGCACAAAGCGACTGGATGAA-3′; Caspase-8 forward primer 5′-TTTCACTGTGTTAGCCAGGGTGGTA-3′ and reverse primer 5′-CCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGGGAG-3′; Caspase-9 forward primer 5′-TCAGTGACGTCTGTGTTCAGGAGA-3′ and reverse primer 5′-TTGTTGATGATGAGGCAG TAGCCG-3′; Bcl-2 forward primer 5′-ATGACCAGACACTGACCATCCACT-3′ and reverse primer 5′-ATGTAGTGGTTCTCCTGGTGGCAA-3; Bax forward primer 5′-TCTACTTTGCCAGCAAACTGGTGC-3′ and reverse primer 5′-TGTCCAGCCCATGATGGTTCTGAT-3′; Cytochrome-C forward primer 5′-AGCTGGAGACGTTGAGAAGG-3′ and reverse primer 5′-ATCTTCGTGCCAGGGATGTA-3′; GAPDH was used as reference housekeeping gene with forward primer 5′-TTCCAGGACCAAGATCCCTCCAAA-3′ and reverse primer 5′-ATGGTGGTGAAGACACCAGTGAAC-3′.
DPPH-free radical scavenging activities
The samples were tested for the antioxidant activity by measuring their radical scavenging ability that was assessed by the stable 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH; purchased from Sigma; St. Louis, MO) scavenging method as modified by ElSheikh et al.. In details, 150 µl (DMSO solution; 1000 µg/ml final concentration) of each sample (or ascorbic acid as a reference antioxidant) was added to 850 µl pure methanol and 10 two-fold dilutions were made from this stock solution to give good dose-response curve then 2 ml of freshly prepared 0.13 mM DPPH solution in methanol was added to each tube. For control sample, 850 µl methanol and 150 µl dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were added to 2 ml DPPH solution The sample solutions were vigorously shaken on a vortex for 1 min. and then the absorbance was measured at 516 nm in a UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Spectronic Spectrometer, Milton Roy Ltd, Ivyland, PA) after 30 min. The radical scavenging ability (RSA) was calculated according to the following equation:
where Ac is the absorbance of control DPPH sample without antioxidant; As is the absorbance of tested sample after 30 min. The concentration required for 50% radical scavenging ability (IC50) was calculated from the graphic plots.
Oxidative stress parameters
Total protein assay in MCF-7 cells
The total proteins were assayed in treated and non-treated MCF-7cells according to Lowry et al.. Briefly, a solution containing 0.01% cupric sulphate, 0.01% NaK Tartarate, 2% sodium carbonate and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide was added to each sample and to each tube containing BSA and water (for the standard curve of the assay). Samples were vortexed and then allowed to incubate for 10 min at RT. Then, Folin–Ciocalten phenol reagent was added to each reaction tube to a final concentration of 0.1 N. Samples were vortexed and then allowed to incubate for 30 min at RT. The absorbance of each sample tube was then read at 500 nm. A standard curve was constructed and each sample protein concentration was then calculated by interpolating within the range of values provided by the standard curve. All Lowry protein assay reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
SOD activity was done according to Kakkar et al.. SOD assay is based on the spectrophotometric assessment of the inhibition of nitro blue tetrazolium-NADH and phenazine methosulphate (PMS)-mediated formazan formation. Absorbance was measured at 560 nm. About 50% inhibition of formazan formation under the assay condition in 1 min is taken as one unit of enzyme activity/minute.
Catalase (CAT)activity
CAT was assayed spectrophotometrically using the method of Aebi et al.. Assay is based on the principle of measurement of decomposition of H2O2 by CAT measured at 240 nm.
Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity
The method of Paglia and Valentine was used to measure GPx activity. Cell pellets were homogenised in stock buffer containing 55 mM potassium phosphate, 1 mM sodium azide and 1 mM EDTA. GPx activity was measured by adding 0.25 mM H2O2 in the presence of 1 mM GSH, 1 EU/ml glutathione reductase (GR) and 0.2 mM NADPH and measuring the change in absorbance at 340 nm for 5 min. GSH is oxidised by H2O2 to GSSG which is recycled by GR in presence of NADPH. Data were normalised per mg protein as determined by the Lowry protein assay.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) assay
MDA is the last marker of the lipid peroxidation pathway. This assay is according to the repercussion of MDA with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) that forms the MDATBA adduct that can be quantified calorimetrically. Briefly, cells were collected by centrifugation and sonicated in ice-cold potassium chloride (1.15%) and centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm. The resulting supernatant (1 ml) was added to 2 ml of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reagent (15% TCA, 0.7% TBA and 0.25 N HCl) and heated at 100 °C for 15 min in a boiling bath. The sample was then placed in cold and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min. Absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 535 nm.
Carbonyl protein content assay
Protein carbonyl (PC) is the marker of protein oxidation. The carbonyl was identified by measuring the PC residues using dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Absorbance of the samples was measured at 370 nm.
Results and discussion
The proposed synthetic routes to prepare the target compounds are shown in Schemes 1–3. The synthesis of the N-substituted-indole-3-carbaldehyde derivatives 5a–c was accomplished through formylation of 1H-indole 1 with phosphorus oxychloride and DMF to give 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 2, then alkylation of the latter by methyl/propyl/benzyl bromide in DMF in the presence of potassium carbonate. While, refluxing isatins 3a–d with hydrazine hydrate in methanol afforded the 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-ones 4a–d. The first series of the target compounds 6a–r was obtained in good yields (75–83%) through condensation of hydrazones 4a–d with 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 2 or N-substituted-indole-3-carbaldehydes 5a–c in absolute ethyl alcohol in the presence of a catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1.
Synthesis of target compounds 6a–r; Reagents and conditions: (i) dry DMF/POCl3/NaOH/H2O/2 h, (ii) alkyl (or benzyl) bromide/THF/NaH, r.t. 12 h, (iii) CH3OH/NH2NH2.H2O/reflux 1 h, (iv) EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h and (v) Hydrazones 4a–d/EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h.
Synthesis of target compounds 6a–r; Reagents and conditions: (i) dry DMF/POCl3/NaOH/H2O/2 h, (ii) alkyl (or benzyl) bromide/THF/NaH, r.t. 12 h, (iii) CH3OH/NH2NH2.H2O/reflux 1 h, (iv) EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h and (v) Hydrazones 4a–d/EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h.We next synthesised another series of hybrids (9a–f) to assess the impact of N-alkylation of the isatin moiety. Reaction of isatins 3a,b with methyl/propyl/benzyl bromide were carried out in a refluxing dry acetonitrile in the presence of potassium carbonate to furnish N-alkylated isatins 7a–f, respectively, which subsequently condensed with hydrazine hydrate in methanol to afford the hydrazones 8a–f. The target compounds 9a–f were obtained (64–75% yields) by reacting the hydrazone intermediates 8a–f with H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 2 in a refluxing ethanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid (Scheme 2). Trials to increase the yield, by using only glacial acetic acid as a solvent, failed as it is reported that it will give another product.
Scheme 2.
Synthesis of target compounds 9a–f; Reagents and conditions: (i) methyl, propyl or benzyl bromide, dry acetonitrile, K2CO3, reflux 3 h, (ii) CH3OH/NH2NH2.H2O/reflux 1 h and (iii) EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h.
Synthesis of target compounds 9a–f; Reagents and conditions: (i) methyl, propyl or benzyl bromide, dry acetonitrile, K2CO3, reflux 3 h, (ii) CH3OH/NH2NH2.H2O/reflux 1 h and (iii) EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h.Synthesis of target compounds 11a–c; Reagents and conditions: (i) EtOH/NH2NH2.H2O/reflux 2 h and (ii) EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h.As a part of the SAR study, an additional series of derivatives (11a–c) was designed. To prepare such set of analogues (11a–c), the intermediate 10 was condensed with the appropriate N-substituted isatin 7a,c,e in ethanol to furnish the target compounds 11a–c, respectively, with 58–70% yields (Scheme 3).
Scheme 3.
Synthesis of target compounds 11a–c; Reagents and conditions: (i) EtOH/NH2NH2.H2O/reflux 2 h and (ii) EtOH/AcOH (catalytic)/reflux 3 h.
The structures of the all synthesised compounds were confirmed under the basis of spectral and elemental analyses which were in full agreement with the proposed structures.
In vitro anti-proliferative activity assay
Anti-proliferative activity towards MCF-7, HepG-2 and HCT-116 cell lines
Anti-proliferative activity of the synthesised compounds was proved by performing cytotoxicactivity assay against three different cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2 and HCT-116) as reported. The results showed various strength of activity as shown in Table 1. Scrutinising the results reveals that compounds 6 of the first series, which is characterised by free NH of the isatingroup and diverse N-substituents of indole moiety, illustrated their activity with respect to the substituent on NH of indole moiety. For example, compounds 6a–h, with –NH and –N–CH3 on indolegroup, displayed no or weak cytotoxicactivity against all three cell lines as they all possess IC50 values exceeding 24.55 µM. Grafting an N-propylgroup on –NH of indole moiety yielded compounds with variant activity. For instance, compounds 6j and 6k with 5-Cl and 5-Br substituent on the isatingroup exhibited moderate cytotoxicactivity against the three cell lines ranging from 12.74 µM up to 25.87 µM. Exceptionally, compound 6i with N-propyl indolegroup and unsubstituted isatin moiety and compound 6n with N-propyl indolegroup and substituted 7-Fisatin moiety, displayed significant cytotoxicactivity against the three cell lines with IC50 values of 3.67 µM and 8.7 µM, respectively, against HCT-116cell line and IC50 values of 13 µM and 3.97 µM, respectively, against HepG-2cell line. Compounds 6i and 6n with the N-propyl indolegroup and unsubstituted indolin-2-one moiety or unsubstituted indolin-2-one moiety with the 7-Fgroup, displayed strong cytotoxicactivity against MCF-7 (IC50 = 3.58 µM and 1.04 µM) as shown in Table 1. Fortunately, introduction of benzyl group on indole moiety was fruitful in compound 6q (HCT-116; IC50 = 5.99 µM, HepG-2; IC50 = 3.81 µM). On the other hand, all other derivatives with different substitutions on indolin-2-one moiety possessed weak or no activity.
Table 1.
Antitumor activity of compounds 6a–u, 9a–f, and 11a–c against HCT-116, HepG2, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
IC50 (µM)a
Compound
HCT-116
HepG-2
MCF-7
6a
>100
>100
>100
6b
>100
94.62 ± 6.93
>100
6c
>100
58.34 ± 2.38
>100
6d
95.46 ± 4.08
52.95 ± 1.87
>100
6e
37.46 ± 1.24
24.55 ± 0.47
55.34 ± 2.72
6f
>100
>100
>100
6g
>100
>100
>100
6h
>100
>100
>100
6i
3.67 ± 1.79
13.00 ± 0.67
3.58 ± 0.28
6j
14.00 ± 1.02
18.41 ± 1.03
25.87 ± 1.88
6k
25.42 ± 1.22
12.74 ± 0.83
14.38 ± 0.98
6l
99.14 ± 4.52
83.78 ± 3.41
>100
6m
95.59 ± 5.88
83.74 ± 2.29
>100
6n
8.57 ± 0.52
3.97 ± 0.19
1.04 ± 0.08
6o
80.50 ± 2.48
57.00 ± 1.44
94.00 ± 1.44
6p
27.80 ± 0.96
60.60 ± 2.92
27.20 ± 1.58
6q
5.99 ± 0.42
3.81 ± 0.13
7.67 ± 0.62
6r
>100
>100
>100
9a
>100
>100
>100
9b
>100
>100
>100
9c
>100
>100
>100
9d
55.30 ± 1.78
27.70 ± 1.04
98.40 ± 5.74
9e
>100
91.60 ± 5.44
>100
9f
98.20 ± 4.44
>100
>100
11a
70.13 ± 3.20
55.25 ± 3.18
39.42 ± 1.06
11b
>100
>100
>100
11c
>100
>100
>100
Dox.
3.70 ± 0.26
3.56 ± 0.17
2.57 ± 0.18
IC50 values are the mean ± SE of three separate experiments.
Antitumoractivity of compounds 6a–u, 9a–f, and 11a–c against HCT-116, HepG2, and MCF-7 cancercell lines.IC50 values are the mean ± SE of three separate experiments.Unfortunately, changing the N-substitution from indole moiety to isatin moiety did not display any cytotoxicactivity as in compounds 9a–f revealed by their high IC50 values as shown in Table 1. This gives insight that N-propyl substitution of the indole moiety is advantageous to anti-proliferative activity over substitution of the indolin-2-onegroup. Accordingly, a third series was designed (11a–c), sparing the N-propyl indole scaffold and substituting the indolin-2-onegroup with different substituents. Unfortunately, none of derivatives 11a–c proved to be a potent cytotoxiccompound as they possess IC50 values on the three cell lines exceeding 27.7 µM.
NCI, USA anti-proliferative assay of 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q towards 60 cell lines
The structures of the active synthesised compounds were submitted to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Developmental Therapeutic Program (www.dtp.nci.nih.gov). Four compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q were selected to be screened for their anticanceractivity in vitro. The compounds were screened at one dose primary anticancer assay towards a panel of 60 cancercell lines (concentration 10−5 M). The tumourcell lines were taken from nine different organs (blood, colon, lung, brain, skin, ovary, kidney, prostate and breast). The data reported as mean-graph of the percent growth of the treated cells, and presented as percentage growth inhibition (GI%) caused by the test compounds (Table 2).
Table 2.
Percentage growth inhibition (GI %) of in vitro subpanel tumour cell lines at 10 μM concentration for compounds 6i, 6j, 6n, and 6q.
Compounda
Subpanel/cell line
6i (NSC 795310)
6j (NSC 795312)
6n (NSC795322)
6q (NSC795327)
Leukemia
CCRF-CEM
24
31
66
19
HL-60(TB)
39
20
56
16
K-562
29
37
65
33
MOLT-4
26
39
52
33
RPMI-8226
25
21
38
–
SR
35
33
76
20
Non-small cell lung cancer
A549/ATCC
–
23
12
–
EKVX
–
63
33
44
HOP-62
–
12
–
–
HOP-92
24
32
28
–
NCI-H226
12
26
–
20
NCI-H23
–
15
–
–
NCI-H322M
–
–
15
16
NCI-H460
–
26
–
48
NCI-H522
17
14
28
16
Colon cancer
COLO 205
–
12
–
–
HCC-2998
–
–
–
–
HCT-116
12
21
20
–
HCT-15
–
25
23
–
HT29
–
14
23
–
KM12
–
24
14
–
SW-620
11
–
37
–
CNS cancer
SF-268
–
18
13
–
SF-295
–
–
–
–
SF-539
15
–
–
–
SNB-19
–
–
–
–
SNB-75
35
19
17
15
U251
12
22
16
–
Melanoma
LOX IMVI
17
22
16
–
MALME-3M
–
–
–
–
M14
12
20
13
–
MDA-MB-435
–
–
11
–
SK-MEL-2
–
–
–
–
SK-MEL-28
–
–
–
–
SK-MEL-5
11
20
12
–
UACC-257
18
12
17
–
UACC-62
27
25
21
21
Ovarian cancer
IGROV1
31
50
39
19
OVCAR-3
21
–
35
–
OVCAR-4
33
12
21
16
OVCAR-5
–
–
–
72
OVCAR-8
10
21
17
–
NCI/ADR-RES
–
16
–
–
SK-OV-3
–
15
–
25
Renal cancer
786-0
–
–
–
–
A498
–
16
–
85
ACHN
–
29
26
–
RXF 393
–
38
18
42
SN12C
11
17
17
16
TK-10
–
–
–
18
UO-31
30
47
35
24
Prostate
PC-3
13
46
12
25
DU-145
–
14
–
–
Breast cancer
MCF7
27
32
46
17
MDA-MB-231
11
29
18
17
HS 578T
11
29
13
19
BT-549
–
–
–
–
T-47D
29
31
50
10
MDA-MB-468
25
21
23
143
Mean growth, %
89
81
81
85
Sensitive cell lines no.
31
44
39
26
Only GI % higher than 10% are shown.
Percentage growth inhibition (GI %) of in vitro subpanel tumourcell lines at 10 μM concentration for compounds 6i, 6j, 6n, and 6q.Only GI % higher than 10% are shown.Close examination of the obtained results, GI% values in Table 2, suggested that compounds 6j and 6n (N-propyl-indole derivatives combined with substituted indolin-2-one) are the most active analogues in this assay, showing broad spectrum activity toward numerous cell lines that belong to different tumour subpanels. Both compounds 6j and 6n displayed mean inhibition =19%, and possessed anti-proliferative activity against 44 and 39 cell lines, respectively, representing all subpanels (GI; 11–76%). Compound 6n showed potent growth inhibitory effect over leukaemia CCRF-CEM, HL-60(TB), K-562, MOLT-4, SR and breast cancer MCF7, T-47D with inhibition percent of 66%, 56%, 65%, 52%, 76%, 46% and 50%, respectively. Whereas, compound 6j showed potent growth inhibitory effect over non-small cell lung cancer EKVX, ovarian cancer IGROV1, renal cancer UO-31 and prostate cancerPC-3 with inhibition percent of 63%, 50%, 47% and 46%, respectively. All the leukaemia (except RPMI-8226) and breast cancer (except BT-549) cell lines were sensitive to all the tested compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q with GI% range of 16–76% and 11–50%, respectively.The susceptible cell lines to the tested compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q with GI % ≥ 25 are presented in Figure 4. Only leukaemiaK-562, MOLT-4 and renal UO-31 cell lines were susceptible to all the tested compounds, with GI % ≥ 25. While compound 6q showed potent growth inhibition against ovarian cancer OVCAR-5 and renal cancer A498 (GI % = 72 and 85, respectively), it exerted lethal activity over breast cancerMDA-MB-468 with GI % = 143.
Figure 4.
The most sensitive cell lines towards the target compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q according to the GI %.
The most sensitive cell lines towards the target compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6qaccording to the GI %.
Cell-cycle analysis and apoptotic study
Compound 6n displayed a significant cytotoxicactivity against MCF-7 cancercell lines. Consequently, more biological studies were performed to explore its mechanistic study inside this cancercell line. Cell-cycle analysis and apoptoticcell markers would be taken into consideration during this investigative study.
Cell-cycle analysis
Anti-proliferative agents abort cell growth by arresting its proliferation at certain well-known checkpoints. Upon treatment of cancercells with anticancer agents, distinguish cells can be detected in various phases of cell cycle. Herein, MCF-7cells were treated with compound 6n at its IC50 (1.04 µM). Analysing the obtained data, reveals that compound 6n produced a marked decrease of the cell population at G1 and S phases as compared to the control (55.3% and 27.56%, versus 64.82% and 26.85%, respectively). Whereas it caused significant decrease of cell population in the G2/M phase when compared with untreated control cells (17.13% versus 8.33%). These results prove that compound 6n exerts its cytotoxic effect in MCF-7cells through arresting its proliferation in G2/M phase (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Effect of compound 6n on the phases of cell cycle of MCF-7 cells.
Effect of compound 6n on the phases of cell cycle of MCF-7cells.
Annexin-V FTIC apoptotic study
Annexin V-based flow cytometry analysis indicates either the cell death is achieved through programmed apoptosis or non-specificnecrosis. Therefore, Annexin V-FTIC/DAPI dual staining assay (Figure 6) was carried out for compound 6n aiming to evaluate its apoptotic effect. In the current study, MCF-7cells were treated with 6n.
Figure 6.
Effect of compound 6n on the percentage of Annexin V-FITC positive staining in MCF-7 cells versus control (1% DMSO).
Effect of compound 6n on the percentage of Annexin V-FITC positive staining in MCF-7cells versus control (1% DMSO).Scrutinising the results of Annexin-VFTIC assay revealed that 6n exhibited a marked increase in the percent of Annexin V-FITC positive apoptoticcells including both the early and late apoptotic phases, from 1.14% to 21.74% which implies 19-folds increase as compared with the control (p < .001). Moreover, only 2.45% of the cells showed non-specificnecrosis. These findings are in accordance with the previous apoptosis studies observations that propound undoubtedly that compound 6n exhibits pro-apoptotic potential which contributes to its anti-proliferative activity.
Activation of proteolytic caspase cascade
Activation of the cysteine aspartic proteases, known as caspases, comprises a pivotal role in the self-automated cell death; apoptosis. Consequently, the effect of compound 6n on caspase 3, the executioner caspase, was evaluated aiming to investigate its pro-apoptotic effect. Moreover, its effect on caspase 8 and caspase 9activations was determined in order to specify either apoptosis was induced through the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. Results revealed that compound 6n amazingly induced the level of active caspase 3 by 76-folds in comparison with control cells. Exploring its effects on both caspase 8 and caspase 9 revealed that it potentiated the level of the former by only 1.98-folds, whereas it produced marked increments of the latter by 928-folds. These results strongly suggest that compound 6n induced apoptosis in MCF-7cell line through the intrinsic rather than the extrinsic pathway (Table 3).
Table 3.
Effect of compound 6n on the active caspases-3, -8 and -9 levels, and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome C, respectively, in MCF-7 cancer cells treated with the compound at its IC50 concentration.
Compound
Casp-3 IU/ml
Casp-8 IU/ml
Casp-9 IU/ml
Bax IU/ml
Bcl-2 IU/ml
Bax/Bcl-2 ratio
Cyt-C IU/ml
Control
1733
3368
246
985
178,233
0.0055
660
6n
131,927***
6690**
228,320***
374,152***
165,783**
2.256
383,873***
Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments.
Significantly different from control (1% DMSO) at p < .05.
Significantly different from control at p < .01.
Significantly different from control at p < .001.
Effect of compound 6n on the active caspases-3, -8 and -9 levels, and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome C, respectively, in MCF-7 cancercells treated with the compound at its IC50 concentration.Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments.Significantly different from control (1% DMSO) at p < .05.Significantly different from control at p < .01.Significantly different from control at p < .001.
Effects on mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (Bcl-2 family) proteins
Members of the Bcl-2 are chief regulators of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Among these, Bax and Bcl-2 precisely modulate this programmed process. Both proteins have opposing effects on apoptosis induction, where Bax possesses pro-apoptoticactivity while Bcl-2 has anti-apoptotic effect,. Thus, the ratio between them is the determining factor for cell fate regulation. Accordingly, in the current study, MCF-7cells were treated with the IC50 of compound 6n and its effect on the levels of both Bax and Bcl-2 were recorded in Table 3. Furthermore, the Bax/Bcl2 ratio was determined to give more profound insight of the pro-apoptoticactivity of the molecule.As indicated by the results in Table 3, compound 6n amazingly boosted the Bax level 379.8-folds as compared with the control. Whereas it only downregulated the Bcl2 level by 1.07-folds. A rather decisive value is the Bax/Bcl2 ratio which gives insight to the overall pro-apoptotic effect of our compound. The calculated value for the Bax/Bcl2 ratio in comparison with that of the reference compound is increased by 407-folds. Conclusively, the ability of compound 6n to upregulate Bax level, downregulate Bcl2 level while significantly boosting the Bax/Bcl2 ratio proves undoubtedly compound 6n pro-apoptoticactivity.
Cytochrome C activation
Mitochondrial cytochrome C is released into the cytosol as a result of Bax/Bcl2 increments. Accordingly, it potentiates a cascade of caspases that finally triggers the executioner caspase: caspase 3,. From the previous findings, compound 6n proved to induce apoptosis in MCF-7cell line through activation of the intrinsic rather than the extrinsic pathway as witnessed by the significant augmentation of caspase 9 level compared to caspase 8 level increments. Thus, we measured the level of cytochrome C to further emphasise the adoption of the intrinsic pathway. MCF-7cells were treated with the IC50 of compound 6n and the level of cytochrome C was determined as compared with the control. Results revealed that cytochrome C level increased by 581-folds (Table 3).
Apoptotic effect through generation of ROS
DPPH free radical scavenging activities
In the current study, the antioxidant potential of the synthesised compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q was tested using one of the most common antioxidant assays; the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical) radical scavenging assay, and were compared with standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid). DPPH is a stable free radical that has the potential to accept an electron producing a stable molecule. Compounds that have the ability to act as electron donors result in reduction of this DPPH radical revealing their antioxidant potential. The principle of the assay depends on measuring the absorbance of the odd electrons of DPPH at 516 nm. In the presence of free radical scavengers, the absorbance decreases proportional to the decrease of the DPPH radicalconcentration. IC50 values that produce 50% inhibition of the DPPH radical are given in Table 4.
Table 4.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity for compounds 6i, 6j, 6n, and 6q using DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Compound
IC50 (μg/ml)a
6i
115.8 ± 6.4
6j
43.9 ± 0.8
6n
31.6 ± 0.8
6q
48.1 ± 1.7
Ascorbic acid
9.7 ± 0.5
IC50 values are the mean ± SE of three separate experiments.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity for compounds 6i, 6j, 6n, and 6q using DPPH radical scavenging activity.IC50 values are the mean ± SE of three separate experiments.The results reveal that all the tested compounds, 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q, exhibited much higher IC50 values compared with that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 115.8 µg/ml, 43.9 µg/ml, 31.6 µg/ml and 48.1 µg/ml, versus 9.7 µg/ml, respectively). This confirms that they have low antioxidant potential which favours the induction of oxidative stress that triggers apoptosis in neoplasticcells.
Oxidative stress parameters
In the current study, we evaluated the activities of some free radical enzymes including SOD, CAT, GSHPx, lipid peroxide (LP) and PC in MCF-7cells treated with our synthesised compounds (Table 5). Moreover, the level of total protein was evaluated as an indication of the cytotoxic effect of the tested compounds.
Table 5.
Oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in control and MCF-7 treated cells with compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q.
Compound
ROS
6i
6j
6n
6q
Control
Total protein (μg/106 cells)
59.1 ± 7.5
89.2 ± 10.4
54.6 ± 8.2
70.8 ± 6.4
131.9 ± 11.7
Superoxide dismatase (SOD) (nMol/mg protein)
137.8 ± 12.4
104.6 ± 7.8
145.2 ± 9.6
114.5 ± 10.1
64.6 ± 2.8
Catalase (CAT) (U/mg protein)
8.7 ± 2.9
22.6 ± 1.2
10.9 ± 4.1
18.4 ± 1.8
24.8 ± 3.4
Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) (mU/mg protein)
4.9 ± 1.3
6.7 ± 1.5
4.6 ± 0.8
5.3 ± 1.1
8.9 ± 1.8
Malondialdehyde (MDA) (nMol/mg protein)
1.75 ± 0.31
0.56 ± 0.18
1.68 ± 0.24
1.27 ± 0.15
0.42 ± 0.06
Protein carbonyl (PC) (mMol/mg protein)
16.8 ± 2.4
8.4 ± 0.4
28.1 ± 3.7
12.3 ± 1.5
6.4 ± 0.2
Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments.
Oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in control and MCF-7 treated cells with compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q.Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments.The results reveal that treatment of the MCF-7cells with IC50 values of the compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q elevated the level of SOD with concomitant depression of CAT and GSHPx as compared to the control cells. Additionally, the levels of ROS exemplified in LP were significantly elevated in comparison with the control cells. Moreover, the levels of PC were also elevated consequently (Table 5).These results can thoroughly prove that the cytotoxic effect of the tested compounds 6i, 6j, 6n and 6q is partially exerted by disrupting the balance between free radical or ROS production and the antioxidant system. This is achieved through elevation of ROS (LP) levels evidenced by the significant increase in the level of SOD which triggers the production of ROS that in turn mediates apoptosis. ROScatabolising enzymes as CAT and GSH-Px levels were shown to be depleted in MCF-7cells treated with the synthesised compounds as compared with the control which guarantees the consequent accumulation of ROS that eventually affects tumourcell killing due to protein oxidation which converts the protein to PC derivatives. In accordance, the elevated PC levels imply the protein oxidative damage as it is a reliable marker for protein damage. These results are consistent with the postulation that these compounds endeavour their cytotoxicactivity through ROS generation. In accordance with these findings, the level of protein in the treated cells was lower than that of the control due to the oxidative damage of the protein by ROS over generation.
Conclusion
Hybridisation technique between indole and 3-hydrazinoindolin-2-one was successful to produce apoptosis inducing agents. According to this technique, 27 compounds were designed and synthesised to be investigated for their cytotoxicactivity against three cancercell lines. Compound 6n showed the best activity with IC50 = 1.04 µM against MCF-7 cancercell line. This compound displayed a broad-spectrum activity against different cancercell lines in 60-cell line panel test by NCI-USA. Deep apoptotic study on this compound revealed that this compound would disrupt G2/M phase in cell cycle and increase % of early and late apoptosis by 19-folds more than control in Annexin V-FTIC. Compound 6n exhibited an ability to increase the expression of some enzymes that affect the apoptosis as caspase 3, caspase 9, cytochrome c, Bax and decrease the expression of Bcl-2. Compound 6n showed the ability to induce apoptosis by generation of ROS and this shown in a further biological study on oxidative stress markers as superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT and GSHPx.
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Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Scheme 1.
Scheme 2.
Scheme 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.