Wiepke J A Koopmans1,2, S Theo Goverts1, Cas Smits1. 1. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section Ear and Hearing, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2. NSDSK, Dutch Foundation for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study was to examine developmental effects for speech recognition in noise abilities for normal-hearing children in several listening conditions, relevant for daily life. Our aim was to study the auditory component in these listening abilities by using a test that was designed to minimize the dependency on nonauditory factors, the digits-in-noise (DIN) test. Secondary aims were to examine the feasibility of the DIN test for children, and to establish age-dependent normative data for diotic and dichotic listening conditions in both stationary and interrupted noise. DESIGN: In experiment 1, a newly designed pediatric DIN (pDIN) test was compared with the standard DIN test. Major differences with the DIN test are that the pDIN test uses 79% correct instead of 50% correct as a target point, single digits (except 0) instead of triplets, and animations in the test procedure. In this experiment, 43 normal-hearing subjects between 4 and 12 years of age and 10 adult subjects participated. The authors measured the monaural speech reception threshold for both DIN test and pDIN test using headphones. Experiment 2 used the standard DIN test to measure speech reception thresholds in noise in 112 normal-hearing children between 4 and 12 years of age and 33 adults. The DIN test was applied using headphones in stationary and interrupted noise, and in diotic and dichotic conditions, to study also binaural unmasking and the benefit of listening in the gaps. RESULTS: Most children could reliably do both pDIN test and DIN test, and measurement errors for the pDIN test were comparable between children and adults. There was no significant difference between the score for the pDIN test and that of the DIN test. Speech recognition scores increase with age for all conditions tested, and performance is adult-like by 10 to 12 years of age in stationary noise but not interrupted noise. The youngest, 4-year-old children have speech reception thresholds 3 to 7 dB less favorable than adults, depending on test conditions. The authors found significant age effects on binaural unmasking and fluctuating masker benefit, even after correction for the lower baseline speech reception threshold of adults in stationary noise. CONCLUSIONS: Speech recognition in noise abilities develop well into adolescence, and young children need a more favorable signal-to-noise ratio than adults for all listening conditions. Speech recognition abilities in children in stationary and interrupted noise can accurately and reliably be tested using the DIN test. A pediatric version of the test was shown to be unnecessary. Normative data were established for the DIN test in stationary and fluctuating maskers, and in diotic and dichotic conditions. The DIN test can thus be used to test speech recognition abilities for normal-hearing children from the age of 4 years and older.
OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study was to examine developmental effects for speech recognition in noise abilities for normal-hearing children in several listening conditions, relevant for daily life. Our aim was to study the auditory component in these listening abilities by using a test that was designed to minimize the dependency on nonauditory factors, the digits-in-noise (DIN) test. Secondary aims were to examine the feasibility of the DIN test for children, and to establish age-dependent normative data for diotic and dichotic listening conditions in both stationary and interrupted noise. DESIGN: In experiment 1, a newly designed pediatric DIN (pDIN) test was compared with the standard DIN test. Major differences with the DIN test are that the pDIN test uses 79% correct instead of 50% correct as a target point, single digits (except 0) instead of triplets, and animations in the test procedure. In this experiment, 43 normal-hearing subjects between 4 and 12 years of age and 10 adult subjects participated. The authors measured the monaural speech reception threshold for both DIN test and pDIN test using headphones. Experiment 2 used the standard DIN test to measure speech reception thresholds in noise in 112 normal-hearing children between 4 and 12 years of age and 33 adults. The DIN test was applied using headphones in stationary and interrupted noise, and in diotic and dichotic conditions, to study also binaural unmasking and the benefit of listening in the gaps. RESULTS: Most children could reliably do both pDIN test and DIN test, and measurement errors for the pDIN test were comparable between children and adults. There was no significant difference between the score for the pDIN test and that of the DIN test. Speech recognition scores increase with age for all conditions tested, and performance is adult-like by 10 to 12 years of age in stationary noise but not interrupted noise. The youngest, 4-year-old children have speech reception thresholds 3 to 7 dB less favorable than adults, depending on test conditions. The authors found significant age effects on binaural unmasking and fluctuating masker benefit, even after correction for the lower baseline speech reception threshold of adults in stationary noise. CONCLUSIONS: Speech recognition in noise abilities develop well into adolescence, and young children need a more favorable signal-to-noise ratio than adults for all listening conditions. Speech recognition abilities in children in stationary and interrupted noise can accurately and reliably be tested using the DIN test. A pediatric version of the test was shown to be unnecessary. Normative data were established for the DIN test in stationary and fluctuating maskers, and in diotic and dichotic conditions. The DIN test can thus be used to test speech recognition abilities for normal-hearing children from the age of 4 years and older.
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