Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in Human and Yeast Cells.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an invaluable method to characterize interactions between proteins and genomic DNA, such as the genomic localization of transcription factors and posttranslational modification of histones. DNA and proteins are reversibly and covalently crosslinked using formaldehyde. Then the cells are lysed to release the chromatin. The chromatin is fragmented into smaller sizes either by micrococcal nuclease (MNase) or sonication and then purified from other cellular components. The protein-DNA complexes are enriched by immunoprecipitation (IP) with antibodies that target the epitope of interest. The DNA is released from the proteins by heat and protease treatment, followed by degradation of contaminating RNAs with RNase. The resulting DNA is analyzed using various methods, including PCR, qPCR, or sequencing. This protocol outlines each of these steps for both yeast and human cells.