Association of sericin and swimming on the phenotype, motor plate, and functionality of the denervated plantar muscle of Wistar rats.

Physical exercise may help maintain muscle properties and functional improvement after peripheral nerve lesion, which may be enhanced by using biocompatible substances, such as sericin. The aim of this study was analyse the effect of sericin associated with swimming exercise on the phenotype, innervation, and functionality of the plantar muscle of Wistar rats. Forty randomly divided adult rats were used in five groups of eight animals: control, injury, sericin, exercise, exercise and sericin. The application of sericin was done on the spot, 100 μL, shortly after nerve compression. Three days after sciatic nerve compression, the swimming and swimming and sericin groups were submitted to physical swimming exercise for 21 days. Afterwards, the animals were euthanised and the plantar muscle was dissected and submitted to histochemical and histoenzymological techniques. The grip strength test did not show alterations in muscular functionality, and the control presented greater muscle mass in relation to the other groups, the same did not occur for muscle length. Polymorphic neuromuscular junctions were detected in the groups, although without significant morphometric alterations of the area, major and minor diameters. The percentage of type I fibres was lower in the lesion group and there was no difference in fibres IIa and IIb between groups. The area of fibres I, IIa and IIb remained constant between groups. Sericin biopolymer combined with swimming exercise did not affect plantar muscle function, submitted to experimental axonotmosis, whose contractile properties were altered by nerve injury.

INTRODUCTION

Peripheral nerve lesion (PNL) can result in a variety of sensory and autonomic implications, including paresis and plegia, leading to hypotrophies, as well as pain and oedema, paraesthesias and functional impairment, resulting from a communication deficit between nerve and muscle (da Silva and Camargo, 2010). In developed countries, the annual occurrence of lesions is estimated between 13 and 23 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, mainly affecting the economically active population, such as young people between 21 and 30 years old (Li et al., 2014).

Within the experimental models of nerve compression, the sciatic nerve of rats is widely used because of its morphological characteristics, as well as easy surgical access and because it has previous data for comparison (Geuna, 2015). One of the characteristics of this nervous compression is weakness of the muscles of the pelvic limb, producing muscular denervation leading to atrophy, fibrosis, transient dilation of the intramuscular capillary bed, causing an increase in muscle blood volume and consequently an increase of extracellular fluid, in addition to increased proteolysis (Kääriäinen and Kauhanen, 2012).

Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) have three main structural elements: the presynaptic region, the synaptic cleft and the postsynaptic region (Gonzalez-Freire et al., 2014). NMJs are elements of the nervous system that play a key role in signal transmission between motor neurons and muscle fibres (Wu et al., 2010). The impairment of NMJ function results in muscle weakness or paralysis, impairing existing triggers that perform signalling in skeletal muscle, ultimately leading to severe muscle loss (Kwon and Yoon, 2017).

Studies show that both denervation and physical exercise modify the morphological properties of NMJs (Deschenes et al., 2011, Deschenes et al., 2015; Torrejais et al., 2009). Among the therapeutic strategies used in rehabilitation are physical swimming exercises that consist of activity aimed at improving muscular properties, through aerobic training, as well as phenotypic transformation of skeletal muscle (Yan et al., 2011). There are indications of the benefits of physical exercise in muscle regeneration, as in preventing atrophy and improving the structural properties of muscle. However, its effects on skeletal muscle, after compressive injury of the sciatic nerve, are much discussed, especially in relation to the type of exercise, its intensity and the best period in which to initiate it (Malysz et al., 2011; Tanaka et al., 2005).

Like physical exercise, the use of biocompatible materials, which may aid muscle recovery is relevant. Among these materials, the proteins fibroin and sericin extracted from the silkworm cocoon are being researched in various fields of health sciences (Rajput and Singh, 2015). Sericin peptides, associated with physical exercise, improve aerobic performance, fat oxidation and increase testosterone (Kim et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2010). Positive results were also reported on the use of sericin for the treatment of burns and wound healing (Aramwit et al., 2013). Although it presents promising characteristics, such as being a biomaterial with potential health applications, its action in neuromuscular regeneration, associated with the therapeutic strategy of swimming exercise, is still unexplored.

Considering the high incidence of PNLs and their effects on skeletal striated musculature, as well as the potential benefits of swimming exercise and sericin, the present study aimed to analyse the effect of sericin associated with the physical exercise of swimming on the phenotype, motor plate and plantar muscle functionality of Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty Wistar rats weighing 334±35.2 g were used, kept in a 12-hr light-dark photoperiod at a temperature of 24°C±1°C, with water and feed supplied ad libitum. The animals were randomly divided into five experimental groups, with eight rats in each group: control (Ct), lesion (Ls), sericin (Ser), swimming (Swi), and sericin and swimming (Ser+Swi). This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics in the Use of Animals of Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná.

Experimental protocol for sciatic compression

The animals of the Ls, Ser, Swi, and Ser+Swi groups were weighed and anaesthetised prior to the surgical procedure with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (Dopalen) (95 mg/kg) (CEVA, São Paulo, Brazil) and xylazine hydrochloride (Anasedan) (12 mg/kg) (CEVA). After verification of the state of consciousness of the animal (observed by the absence of motor response to tail clamping and interdigital folds), it was positioned in the ventral decubitus, the thoracic and pelvic limbs being abducted and a trichotomy was performed in the middle third of the right pelvic thigh.

Then, a parallel incision was made into the fibres of the biceps femoris muscle, exposing the sciatic nerve, followed by subsequent compression of the sciatic nerve using haemostatic forceps, for a period of thirty seconds. The pressure generated was standardised by the closing of the forceps on the second tooth of the rack. After pinching, a marking was performed at the lesion site by epineural suture, using 10.0 nylon thread. The Ser and Ser+Nat groups received the application of 100 μL of sericin directly on the nerve lesion once during the surgical procedure. After pinching, the nerve was reassembled, a single point skin suture was performed using nylon monofilament yarn, polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (Povidine, Geyer, Porto Alegre, Brazil) was applied over the incision and the animals were housed under the same pre-surgical conditions.

Swimming exercise protocol with overload

Only the Swi and Ser+Swi groups were submitted to physical exercise, although the other groups were exposed to the liquid medium for ten seconds in the same treatment period, so that the stress of the aquatic environment was the same for all groups. All animals were adapted and trained to swim gradually in the fifteen days prior to the nerve injury protocol. Swimming started on the third postoperative day (PO). This was done in an oval-shaped tank of 60-cm depth and capacity of 200 L, and the physical exercise was performed with a water level of 40-cm depth and temperature controlled at 32°C.

The animals were weighed prior to all sessions to establish the load applied during physical exercise, being 10% of the body mass of the animal, represented by leads that were fixed in the abdomen region. The protocol was followed for 3 weeks, from Monday to Friday, totalling 21 days of treatment, with progressive loading of time: first week after injury 15 min of swimming, second week 20 min of swimming and third week, 25 min of swimming.

Evaluation of muscle grip strength

The function of the grip strength test was to verify functionality by means of the muscular strength of the rats that suffered sciatic nerve compression. To perform the evaluation, specific grip strength measurement equipment was used, where the animal was pulled by the back with increasing firmness and allowed to hold with the right pelvic member in a grid connected to a force transducer, until he lost his grip, adapted from Bertelli and Mira (1995).

The left pelvic limb was immobilised manually during the test. The animals were previously adapted and trained in the equipment in the five days before the surgery. The first evaluation (EV1) was done before sciatic nerve compression, to obtain basal values. The evaluations were used to observe the evolution of the lesion and the form of treatment used. In each evaluation, the test was repeated three times and the mean value of the repetitions was used (Coradinia et al., 2015). Other evaluations were carried out during the experiment: 2nd EV, 3rd PO, pretreatment; 3rd EV, 3rd PO, post treatment; 4th EV, 7th PO, post treatment; 5th EV, 8th PO, pretreatment; 6th EV, 14th PO, after treatment; 7th EV, 21st PO, posttreatment; 8th EV, 22nd PO, euthanasia of the animals and collection of the muscles.

Collection of the plantar muscle and histochemical and histoenzymological analyses

Twenty-four hours after the last treatment session, the animals were weighed and anaesthetised, decapitated in a guillotine and then the plantar muscle was dissected, weighed and measured in length.

For histochemical analysis of NMJs, the proximal part of the muscle was fixed in Karnovsky solution. The evaluation of NMJs was performed by the nonspecific esterase technique (Lehrer and Ornstein, 1959). Morphometric analysis of NMJs was performed on two slides for each animal. In each slide, measurements of the area, larger and smaller diameters of approximately 150 NMJs, were evaluated from microscopic images with a 20x objective.

Fibres and plantar muscle NMJs were photographed and captured under an Olympus Bx60 microscope coupled to an Olympus DP71 camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), with the aid of the DP Controler 3.2.1 276 program. Morphological and morphometric analysis of the fibres and NMJs was conducted using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA) program.

For the histoenzymological study of the muscle fibres, classification according to the proposal of Brooke and Kaiser (1970) was used. The distal portion of the muscle was maintained at room temperature for 30 to 40 min. After this time, the material was covered with neutral talc (JOHNSON, São Paulo, Brazil) for the preservation of the tissue and frozen in liquid nitrogen for 2 min, packed in cryotubes and stored in a Biofreezer at −80°C for further processing. The frozen muscle segments were transferred to a cryostat chamber (LUPETEC CM 2850 Cryostat Microtome, São Carlos, Brazil) at −20°C and held for 30 min to stabilise the temperature. These segments were then sectioned transversely (7 μm thick) into semiserial sections, which were dewatered, diaphanised, and blades assembled with the aid of Permount (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The transverse sections of 7-μm thickness were submitted to the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Tetrazolium Reductase (NADH-TR) histoenzymological technique for analysis of the oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of muscle fibres, which is based on the ability of the mitochondrial enzyme NADH dehydrogenase to transfer electrons to the colourless, soluble tetrazolium salt and convert it into a formazan compound. This provides an excellent stain of the intermyofibrillar matrix. To demonstrate the activity of NADH-TR, it was shown that muscle fibres of types I (small diameter and intense oxidative activity), IIa (intermediate diameter and moderate oxidative activity), and IIb (large diameter and weak oxidative activity).

Morphometric analyses of muscle fibres were performed by measuring the cross-sectional area and the small diameter of the plantar muscle in approximately 200 fibres per animal. The different types of muscle fibres (I, IIa, and IIb) were also quantified by random selection of two fields (400 μm2) per animal, from images that were captured with a 20x objective.

Statistical analysis

The results are presented with values of means and standard deviations. A mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the grip strength and unidirectional ANOVA, with post t-test (least significant difference), for morphometric comparisons. A significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses.

RESULTS

Functional analysis and macroscopic parameters of the plantar muscle

The analysis of plantar muscle strength and its respective evaluations, as well as weight and length are presented in Tables 1, 2.

Table 1

Values of plantar muscle grip strength of Wistar rats in grams, for the different moments of evaluation (EV1 to EV8), in the different groups, 22nd postoperative day

Assessment	CtA	LsB	SerB	SwiB	Ser+SwiB
EV1a	197.12±151.8	239.77±100.7	187.08±107.1	208.19±60.3	288.66±183.4
EV2b	257.79±92.56	0.89±0.65	1.33±0.61	0.90±0.73	1.14±0.87
EV3b	266.79±118.01	1.22±0.95	1.0±0.87	1.04±0.89	1.04±0.48
EV4b	199.50±142.01	0.72±0.61	0.78±0.42	0.52±0.46	0.62±0.67
EV5b	253.41±106.35	1.22±0.71	0.99±1.06	0.38±0.40	0.81±0.60
EV6b	266.62±242.88	1.22±1.04	0.91±0.23	1.76±1.98	2.38±3.48
EV7b	216.29±134.50	1.11±1.00	1.29±1.55	6.76±9.53	1.57±1.88
EV8b	253.29±90.84	9.11±20.21	4.54±6.41	6.47±4.43	3.52±3.81

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Upper case letters represent differences between groups and lower case between evaluations. Different letters: Statistically different data between groups. Post Student t-test.

Ct, control; Ls, lesion; Ser, sericin; Swi, swimming.

Table 2

Values of the macroscopic parameters of the plantar muscle of Wistar rats in the different groups, 22nd postoperative day

Parameter	Ct	Ls	Ser	Swi	Ser+Swi
Muscle weight (g)	0.53±0.18a	0.26±0.10b	0.29±0.09b	0.26±0.08b	0.22±0.10b
Length (mm)	2.79±0.52a	2.74±0.47a	2.55±0.34a	2.58±0.47a	2.66±0.51a

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Different letters: statistically different data between groups. Post Student t-test. P<0.002.

Ct, control; Ls, lesion; Ser, sericin; Swi, swimming.

Data on the grip strength presented a significant difference (F[1.6, 52.4]=51.6, P<0.001), with all groups Ls, Ser, Swi, and Ser+Swi showing lower values than Ct (P<0.001) and there was no difference between them.

Regarding the evaluations, the first one was statistically higher in relation to the others (P<0.001) and there was no difference between the other evaluations.

The plantar muscle weight parameter showed a significant difference (P<0.002) in the Ct group, in comparison with the other groups. Regarding muscle length (P=0.862), there was no statistically significant difference (Table 2).

Morphological and morphometric analysis of NMJs

The morphological study showed NMJs with a polymorphic shape, being round, oval and elliptical, in all groups studied (Fig. 1). The morphometric analysis did not show significant changes in relation to the area, major and minor diameters, in the groups, Ct, Ls, Ser, Swi, and Ser+Swi (Table 3).

Fig. 1

Photomicrographs of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) observed in the plantar muscle of Wistar rats, referring to the 22nd postoperative day. Longitudinal section, nonspecific esterase. Control (A), lesion (B), sericin (C), swimming (D), and sericin and swimming (E, F). Observe the NMJ polymorphism.

Table 3

Morphometry of plantar muscle neuromuscular junctions of Wistar rats in different groups and variables, 22nd postoperative day

Parameter	Ct	Ls	Ser	Swi	Ser+Swi
Area	645.61±124.5	618.75±114.1	627.06±81.38	553.82±115.7	530.31±103.5
Larger diameter	42.62±2.37	43.42±5.12	41.44±3.63	40.12±6.01	39.13±6.37
Smallest diameter	18.37±3.55	18.44±2.38	18.29±1.56	16.50±1.82	16.59±1.34

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Post Student t-test. P>0.05.

Ct, control; Ls, lesion; Ser, sericin; Swi, swimming.

Histoenzymological analysis of the plantar muscle

There was a statistically significant difference in the area of type I fibres in the Ct group compared with the other groups, with no significant difference between the other groups. There was also a significant difference in the area of the fibres of type IIa and IIb, in relation to the group Ct compared with the other groups, with no difference between them (Table 4). As for the smaller diameter of the fibres, there was a statistically significant difference in the types of fibres (I, IIa, and IIb) between the groups, according to Table 5. Regarding muscle fibre counts, there was a statistically significant difference for the type I fibres of the Ct group in relation to the other groups, and the Ls group also presented a significant difference in relation to the Ser, Swi, and Ser+Swi groups, with a reduction in the counting of fibres in 28%, 31%, and 29%, respectively, which did not differ between the other groups. The counts of type IIa and IIb fibres did not present a statistically significant difference between the groups (Table 6) (Fig. 2).

Table 4

Values found for area of the different types of muscle fibers, I, IIa and IIb, of the plantar muscle of Wistar rats, 22nd postoperative day

Parameter	Ct	Ls	Ser	Swi	Ser+Swi
Type I fibre	1,641.6±221.4a	1,237.1±447.3a	1,173.4±137.7a	1,288.0±270.0a	1,302.6±210.9a
Fibre type IIA	2,313.2±327.6a	1,392.1±389.3b	1,563.6±328.3b	1,411.4±288.2b	1,509.9±345.3b
Fibre type IIB	3,449.0±498.0a	1,842.9±501.0b	1,679.7±283.8b	1,727.3±248.3b	1,944.0±126.4b

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Different letters: statistically different data between groups. Post Student t-test. P>0.05.

Ct, control; Ls, lesion; Ser, sericin; Swi, swimming.

Table 5

Values found for morphometric analysis of the smaller diameter of muscle fibres type I, IIa and IIb, of the plantar muscle of Wistar rats, 22nd postoperative day

Smallest diameter	Ct	Ls	Ser	Swi	Ser+Swi
Type I fibre	35.85±2.28a	32.57±5.98a,b	30.22±1.37b,c	31.64±1.97b,c,d	23.71±2.41
Fibre type IIA	45.30±0.80a	34.07±4.63b	32.71±2.57b,c	33.61±3.15b,c,d	27.41±2.69
Fibre type IIB	51.93±4.37a	39.0±4.47b	36.67±5.38b	39.22±4.02b	34.25±3.89b

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Different letters: statistically different data between groups. Post Student t-test. P>0.05.

Ct, control; Ls, lesion; Ser, sericin; Swi, swimming.

Table 6

Counting of the different types of muscle fibres I, IIa, and IIb, of the plantar muscle of Wistar rats, 22nd postoperative day

Parameter	Ct	Ls	Ser	Swi	Ser+Swi
Type I fibre	92.20±11.60a,b,c	105.50±41.34b,c	147.20±30.86c	154.40±17.15c	149.20±16.81c
Fibre type IIA	61.60±8.26a	65.75±27.58a	70.40±16.36a	61.40±15.72a	60.60±11.21a
Fibre type IIB	73.0±13.19a	63.25±16.15a	74.60±12.21a	57.40±16.08a	69.80±7.94a

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Different letters: statistically different data between groups. Post Student t-test. P>0.05.

Ct, control; Ls, lesion; Ser, sericin; Swi, swimming.

Fig. 2

Photomicrographs of the plantar muscle of Wistar rats, 22nd postoperative day. Cross section, NADH-TR (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Tetrazolium Reductase) reaction. Muscle fibres of types I, IIa, and IIb. Control (A), lesion (B), sericin (C), swimming (D), and sericin and swimming (E, F).

DISCUSSION

The sciatic nerve compression model performed in the present study reproduces an axonotmosis-type lesion, which is characterised by interruption of the nerve stimulus, producing alterations in muscle morphology, directed towards atrophy, the main effect being a reduction of the fibre area and diameter, with consequent reduction of force. The histoenzymological analysis of the present study demonstrated that the nerve injury could alter the plantar muscle morphology of all injured groups, when compared to the control group, although not to the point of altering the specific characteristics of the different types of fibres.

Zhong et al. (2007) described reduction of muscle mass and muscle fibre size of the medial (GM) and anterior tibial gastrocnemius (TA) muscles in a peripheral nerve injury model. Similar changes were also described by Patterson and Stephenson (2006) in the soleus and extensor digitorum skeletal muscles in a model of ischial denervation of Long-Evans rats.

The morphometry of the present study demonstrated differences in the control group in relation to the other groups for the area of type IIa and IIb fibres, but did not reveal differences between the treated groups. As for the area of type I fibres, there was no significant difference between the groups. This demonstrates that the nerve injury produced did not significantly affect the area of the plantar muscle fibres, different from that observed in other muscles (Patterson and Stephenson, 2006; Zhong et al., 2007). Although the Ls group presented a reduction in the smaller diameter of the type I and IIa fibres in relation to the sericin group and swimming exercise group (Ser+Swi).

In analysing muscle mass, Tanaka et al. (2005) describes that there was no alteration of muscle mass of the soleus muscle, in a model of denervation of the tibial nerve of Wistar rats. Similar results were described by Snow et al. (2005) in the soleus muscle of Sprague Dawley rats, in a model of peripheral neuropathy. However, the weight of the plantar muscle in the present study presented a statistically significant difference in relation to the other groups, demonstrating that there was a decrease in muscle mass as a consequence of PNL, confirming that neuromuscular activity is determinant in maintaining muscle properties. As for the other groups, there were no differences recorded. Although muscle weight in the control group was statistically significant to the detriment of all other groups that suffered injury, the parameter length of the muscle was not altered in any of the groups, showing that although the nerve injury caused a reduction in muscle weight, this was not intense enough to produce longitudinal changes of the musculature.

In our research, the hypothesis that sericin associated with swimming exercise could be an important factor in the recovery from paresis did not materialise, even considering sericin’s characteristics in cell proliferation and division (Aramwit et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2010), as well as the action of exercise in reducing protein degradation (Lee et al., 2012), possible endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia (which could reduce limb functional deficit) (Bertolini et al., 2012), as well as water properties such as: increased peripheral circulation, improved oxygen and nutrient supply, increased blood and lymphatic return, decreased oedema due to the action of hydrostatic pressure and reduced sensitivity of the nerve terminals (Medeiros et al., 2004).

The results of this study show that in the first evaluation performed preoperatively, the animals presented greater strength when compared with the others, therefore pertinent with normality patterns, there was no difference between the other evaluations and groups. The reduction of force may be related to hypernociception generated by nerve compression, which produces muscle inhibition (Yahia et al., 2010). In addition, studies have shown that treatment with swimming exercise may not be able to reduce the pain of rats submitted to sciatica (Gaffuri et al., 2011).

The contractile activity of skeletal muscle is regulated by the central nervous system, through the transmission of action potentials from motor neurons to muscle fibres. Both the presynaptic motor axon and postsynaptic skeletal muscle fibres are highly specialised in NMJs, thus guaranteeing an efficient transmission of the action potential (Kwon and Yoon, 2017). They are subject to remodelling due to several factors: age, denervation, ageing (Gonzalez-Freire et al., 2014), muscle fibre type, activity and hormonal status (Deschenes et al., 2015), some congenital diseases such as Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome, besides several forms of intoxication, one of them botulism (Kwon and Yoon, 2017).

However, both the morphological analysis and the morphometry of the NMJs measured in the present study did not present significant differences. The polymorphism of NMJs can be observed in the morphological analysis, although there was no significant difference for the morphometric parameters of the area, major and minor diameters. Although the nerve injury was characterised, it was not able to alter the morphology of the NMJs, perhaps due to the regenerative capacity of the peripheral nervous system, considering the time elapsed – 22 days postoperatively. However, Torrejais et al. (2009) analysing the morphometry and morphology of diaphragm NMJs of denervated novergicus rats at different periods, observed that after denervation the NMJs presented a smaller and elongated appearance, having less visible contours. Changes in NMJ morphometry were also described by Liu et al. (2016) in a denervation model of the anterior tibial nerve of Sprague Dawley rats.

Patterson and Stephenson (2006) found changes in the muscle fibre phenotype of the Long-Evans rat soleus muscle, with a reduction of the slow isoform MHCI, ~77% to 61%, a concomitant increase of the rapid isoform MHCIIA from ~23% to 39%, as well as changes in the morphometry of different types of fibres in a sciatic nerve injury model.

The results of the present study verified that the nerve injury altered the myosin heavy chain isoform, with reduction of the slow isoform, considering that the plantar muscle has a rapid myosin heavy chain phenotype predominance (Chaillou et al., 2013). These results are corroborated by the literature which demonstrates that phasic muscles when denervated tend to become (slow) tonic muscles (Patterson and Stephenson, 2006; Rowan et al., 2012; Snow et al., 2005; Zhong et al., 2007). The counting of muscle fibres showed a significant difference for type I fibres in the Ct group in relation to the other groups, and the Ls group also presented a significant difference in relation to the Ser, Swi, and Ser+Swi groups, with a reduction in the percentage of fibres in 28%, 31%, and 29%, respectively, with no difference between the other groups studied.

Although physical exercise affects the organism as a whole, the main positive impacts are the adaptations that occur in the skeletal muscle. Like denervation, physical exercise is capable of causing changes in the muscle fibre phenotype, specifically, aerobic exercise promotes transformation in fibre type in the fast to slow (type IIb/IIx to IIa) in muscles with normal patterns of innervation (Yan et al., 2011). However, swimming exercise in the present study was not able to promote transformation in the plantar muscle phenotype. It is assumed that nerve damage has supplanted the ability of swimming exercise as well as its association with sericin in transforming the contractile properties of muscle.

Similar results were also described by Tanaka et al. (2005) in a model of partial denervation of the anterior tibial nerve, who found that treadmill aerobic exercise was not efficient in promoting phenotypic transformation in the soleus muscle of Wistar rats. Kim et al. (2015) also found that aerobic ladder exercise for 8 weeks was unable to change the myosin heavy chain ratios in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of Zucker rats.

In this study, axonotmosis-type nerve damage was not sufficient to modify the morphology of NMJs, as well as alter skeletal muscle functionality. The association of sericin with swimming exercise in the acute phase was not an effective therapeutic modality to transform the contractile properties of the plantar muscle, although the nerve injury did.

The association of sericin with swimming exercise was not efficient in terms of recovery of grip strength and alteration of contractile muscle properties, altered by experimental axonotmosis.