Sperm DNA and detection of DNA fragmentations in sperm.

The questionable effectiveness of routine sperm parameters in determining male factor infertility problems and increasing the success rates of assisted reproductive techniques have led to the investigation of more detailed sperm parameters that could affect the male fertility and reproduction. Thus, the effects of different sperm parameters such as sperm DNA integrity was started to be investigated thanks to the previously described methods such as single cell gel electrophoresis (COMET) assay, sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), acridine orange test (AOT), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine (TdT) triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test. However, studying on sperm DNA might be very complex because the sperm DNA differs from the somatic cell DNA with its unique structure. Also, the sperm DNA undergoes many changes during spermatogenesis and it is condensed by being packaged tightly with different types and numbers of protamines in different species. Despite all these difficulties, these methods provide important information about the reasons and consequences of DNA damages in sperm and the effects of these damages on reproduction.