Pantelis A Sarafidis1, Luis M Ruilope2,3, Charalampos Loutradis1, Manuel Gorostidi4, Alejandro de la Sierra5, Juan J de la Cruz2, Ernest Vinyoles6, Juan A Divisón-Garrote7,8, Julián Segura9, José R Banegas2. 1. Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 2. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPAZ and CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP). 3. Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and School of Doctoral Studies and Research, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid. 4. Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, RedinRed. Oviedo. 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona. 6. La Mina Primary Care Center. University of Barcelona, Barcelona. 7. Casas Ibáñez, Primary Care Center, Albacete. 8. Medicine, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia. 9. Hypertension Unit, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Increased BP-variability predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensives. This study aimed to examine short-term BP-variability according to renal function stage. METHODS: We included 16 546 patients [10 270 (62.1%) without/6276 (38.9%) with CKD Stage 1-5] from the Spanish Ambulatory-Blood-Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) Registry. Stages of CKD were defined according to K/DIGO criteria, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with the CKD-EPI equation and albumin-to-creatine ratio. BP-variability was assessed with standard deviation (SD), weighted SD (wSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV). RESULTS: Compared with those without CKD, a lower proportion of CKD patients were dippers (51.9 versus 39.6%; P < 0.001). Across CKD stages, a progressive decrease in dipper (from 39.1 to 20.4%; P < 0.001) and increase in riser proportion (from 12.3 to 36.7%; P < 0.001) were noted. Patients with CKD had significantly higher SBP SD, wSD, CV and ARV and lower DBP SD compared with those without CKD (P < 0.001). Within CKD Stages, an increasing trend from Stage 1 towards Stage 5 was observed for SBP SD (from 13.8 ± 3.7 to 15.6 ± 5.4 mmHg), wSD (from 12.0 ± 3.2 to 13.9 ± 5.1 mmHg), CV (from 10.4 ± 2.7 to 11.5 ± 4.1%), ARV (from 9.9 ± 2.3 to 11.4 ± 3.2 mmHg); P < 0.001 for all comparisons. DBP SD (P < 0.001), wSD and ARV (P = 0.002) were slightly decreasing, whereas DBP CV increased from Stage 1 to Stage 4 (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, male gender, older age, abdominal obesity, diabetes, number of antihypertensive medications, and clinic SBP were independent factors for higher SBP 24-h ARV in CKD. CONCLUSION: An increase in short-term SBP-variability was present with advancing CKD stages in a large cohort. This increased SBP-variability may be involved in the sharp elevation of cardiovascular risk with worsening renal function.
OBJECTIVE: Increased BP-variability predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensives. This study aimed to examine short-term BP-variability according to renal function stage. METHODS: We included 16 546 patients [10 270 (62.1%) without/6276 (38.9%) with CKD Stage 1-5] from the Spanish Ambulatory-Blood-Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) Registry. Stages of CKD were defined according to K/DIGO criteria, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with the CKD-EPI equation and albumin-to-creatine ratio. BP-variability was assessed with standard deviation (SD), weighted SD (wSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV). RESULTS: Compared with those without CKD, a lower proportion of CKD patients were dippers (51.9 versus 39.6%; P < 0.001). Across CKD stages, a progressive decrease in dipper (from 39.1 to 20.4%; P < 0.001) and increase in riser proportion (from 12.3 to 36.7%; P < 0.001) were noted. Patients with CKD had significantly higher SBP SD, wSD, CV and ARV and lower DBP SD compared with those without CKD (P < 0.001). Within CKD Stages, an increasing trend from Stage 1 towards Stage 5 was observed for SBP SD (from 13.8 ± 3.7 to 15.6 ± 5.4 mmHg), wSD (from 12.0 ± 3.2 to 13.9 ± 5.1 mmHg), CV (from 10.4 ± 2.7 to 11.5 ± 4.1%), ARV (from 9.9 ± 2.3 to 11.4 ± 3.2 mmHg); P < 0.001 for all comparisons. DBP SD (P < 0.001), wSD and ARV (P = 0.002) were slightly decreasing, whereas DBP CV increased from Stage 1 to Stage 4 (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, male gender, older age, abdominal obesity, diabetes, number of antihypertensive medications, and clinic SBP were independent factors for higher SBP 24-h ARV in CKD. CONCLUSION: An increase in short-term SBP-variability was present with advancing CKD stages in a large cohort. This increased SBP-variability may be involved in the sharp elevation of cardiovascular risk with worsening renal function.
Authors: Michael E Ernst; Michelle A Fravel; Katherine L Webb; James B Wetmore; Rory Wolfe; Enayet Chowdhury; Christopher M Reid; Robyn L Woods; Lawrence Beilin; Karen L Margolis; Anne M Murray; Kevan R Polkinghorne Journal: Am J Hypertens Date: 2022-02-01 Impact factor: 3.080
Authors: André Sant'Anna Zarife; Helena Fraga-Maia; José Geraldo Mill; Paulo Lotufo; Rosane Harter Griep; Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca; Luciara Leite Brito; Maria da Conceição Almeida; Roque Aras; Sheila Maria Alvim Matos Journal: Arq Bras Cardiol Date: 2022-09-02 Impact factor: 2.667