Rollover Cyclometalated Bipyridine Platinum Complexes as Potent Anticancer Agents: Impact of the Ancillary Ligands on the Mode of Action.

Platinum-based anticancer coordination compounds are widely used in the treatment of many tumor types, where they are very effective but also cause severe side effects. Organoplatinum compounds are significantly less investigated than the analogous coordination compounds. We report here rollover cyclometalated Pt compounds based on 2,2'-bipyridine which are demonstrated to be potent antitumor agents both in vitro and in vivo. Variation of the co-ligands on the Pt(2,2'-bipyridine) backbone resulted in the establishment of structure-activity relationships. They showed that the biological activity was in general inversely correlated with the reaction kinetics to biomolecules as shown for amino acids, proteins, and DNA. The less stable compounds caused higher reactivity with biomolecules and were shown to induce p53-dependent DNA damage. In contrast, the presence of bulky PTA and PPh3 ligands was demonstrated to cause lower reactivity and increased antineoplastic activity. Such compounds were devoid of DNA-damaging activity and induced ATF4, a component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. The lead complex inhibited tumor growth similar to oxaliplatin while showing no signs of toxicity in test mice. Therefore, we demonstrated that it is possible to fine-tune rollover-cyclometalated Pt(II) compounds to target different cancer pathways and be a means to overcome the side effects associated with cisplatin and analogous compounds in cancer chemotherapy.