Cristie Glasheen1, Eric O Johnson2, Nancy L Saccone3, Sharon M Lutz4, Timothy B Baker5, Daniel W McNeil6, Mary L Marazita7, John E Hokanson8, Laura J Bierut9, Dana B Hancock10. 1. Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, Behavioral and Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Electronic address: cglasheen@rti.org. 2. Fellow Program and Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. 3. Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 4. Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 5. Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. 6. Department of Psychology, Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. 7. Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 8. Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,USA. 9. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 10. Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, Behavioral and Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a derivation of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, was first published in 1991. The FTND remains one of the most widely used measures of nicotine dependence for studying genetic and epidemiological risk factors and the likelihood of smoking cessation. However, it is unclear whether secular trends in patterns of smoking alter the psychometric properties of the FTND and its interpretation. METHODS: We examined measurement invariance in the lifetime and current FTND scores across birth cohorts using participants drawn from six study samples (N = 13,775). RESULTS: We found significant (p < 0.05) measurement non-invariance in means and factor loadings of most FTND items by birth cohort, but effect sizes, ranging from r2 = 0.0001 to r2 = 0.0035, indicated that less than 0.5% of the model variance was explained by the measurement non-invariance for each factor loading. To assess its impact, we regressed the lifetime FTND latent variable on well-established factors associated with nicotine dependence (quitting smoking and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene [CHRNA5] variant rs16969968, separately), and we observed that the regression coefficients were unchanged between models with and without adjustment for measurement non-invariance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that possible FTND non-invariance that occurs across study samples of various birth years has a negligible impact on study results.
BACKGROUND: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a derivation of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, was first published in 1991. The FTND remains one of the most widely used measures of nicotine dependence for studying genetic and epidemiological risk factors and the likelihood of smoking cessation. However, it is unclear whether secular trends in patterns of smoking alter the psychometric properties of the FTND and its interpretation. METHODS: We examined measurement invariance in the lifetime and current FTND scores across birth cohorts using participants drawn from six study samples (N = 13,775). RESULTS: We found significant (p < 0.05) measurement non-invariance in means and factor loadings of most FTND items by birth cohort, but effect sizes, ranging from r2 = 0.0001 to r2 = 0.0035, indicated that less than 0.5% of the model variance was explained by the measurement non-invariance for each factor loading. To assess its impact, we regressed the lifetime FTND latent variable on well-established factors associated with nicotine dependence (quitting smoking and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene [CHRNA5] variant rs16969968, separately), and we observed that the regression coefficients were unchanged between models with and without adjustment for measurement non-invariance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that possible FTND non-invariance that occurs across study samples of various birth years has a negligible impact on study results.
Authors: Sarah M Hartz; Amy C Horton; Dana B Hancock; Timothy B Baker; Neil E Caporaso; Li-Shiun Chen; John E Hokanson; Sharon M Lutz; Mary L Marazita; Daniel W McNeil; Carlos N Pato; Michele T Pato; Eric O Johnson; Laura J Bierut Journal: Schizophr Res Date: 2017-03-08 Impact factor: 4.939
Authors: Eric O Johnson; Antonio A Morgan-Lopez; Naomi Breslau; Dorothy K Hatsukami; Laura J Bierut Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2007-12-11 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Bryan C Quach; Michael J Bray; Nathan C Gaddis; Mengzhen Liu; Teemu Palviainen; Camelia C Minica; Stephanie Zellers; Richard Sherva; Fazil Aliev; Michael Nothnagel; Kendra A Young; Jesse A Marks; Hannah Young; Megan U Carnes; Yuelong Guo; Alex Waldrop; Nancy Y A Sey; Maria T Landi; Daniel W McNeil; Dmitriy Drichel; Lindsay A Farrer; Christina A Markunas; Jacqueline M Vink; Jouke-Jan Hottenga; William G Iacono; Henry R Kranzler; Nancy L Saccone; Michael C Neale; Pamela Madden; Marcella Rietschel; Mary L Marazita; Matthew McGue; Hyejung Won; Georg Winterer; Richard Grucza; Danielle M Dick; Joel Gelernter; Neil E Caporaso; Timothy B Baker; Dorret I Boomsma; Jaakko Kaprio; John E Hokanson; Scott Vrieze; Laura J Bierut; Eric O Johnson; Dana B Hancock Journal: Nat Commun Date: 2020-11-03 Impact factor: 17.694