A global checklist of the 932 fruit fly species in the tribe Dacini (Diptera, Tephritidae).

The correct application of the scientific names of species is neither easy nor trivial. Mistakes can lead to the wrong interpretation of research results or, when pest species are involved, inappropriate regulations and limits on trade, and possibly quarantine failures that permit the invasion of new pest species. Names are particularly challenging to manage when groups of organisms encompass a large number of species, when different workers employ different philosophical views, or when species are in a state of taxonomic flux. The fruit fly tribe Dacini is a species-rich taxon within Tephritidae and contains around a fifth of all known species in the family. About 10% of the 932 currently recognized species are pests of commercial fruits and vegetables, precipitating quarantines and trade embargos. Authoritative species lists consist largely of scattered regional treatments and outdated online resources. The checklist presented here is the first global overview of valid species names for the Dacini in almost two decades, and includes new lure records. By publishing this list both in paper and digitally, we aim to provide a resource for those studying fruit flies as well as researchers studying components of their impact on agriculture. The list is largely a consolidation of previous works, but following the results from recent phylogenetic work, we transfer one subgenus and eight species to different genera: members of the Bactrocera subgenus Javadacus Hardy, considered to belong to the Zeugodacus group of subgenera, are transferred to genus Zeugodacus; Bactrocera pseudocucurbitae White, 1999, stat. rev., is transferred back to Bactrocera from Zeugodacus; Zeugodacus arisanicus Shiraki, 1933, stat. rev., is transferred back to Zeugodacus from Bactrocera; and Z. brevipunctatus (David & Hancock, 2017), comb. n.; Z. javanensis (Perkins, 1938), comb. n.; Z. montanus (Hardy, 1983), comb. n.; Z. papuaensis (Malloch, 1939), comb. n.; Z. scutellarius (Bezzi, 1916), comb. n.; Z. semisurstyli (Drew & Romig, 2013), comb. n.; and Z. trilineatus (Hardy, 1955), comb. n. are transferred from Bactrocera to Zeugodacus.

Introduction

Despite the current ‘phylogenomic’ age and the generation of large amounts of data on relatively few, selected, organisms, discovering and classifying new species is an ongoing endeavor of basic science that is far from complete (Zhang 2011). Major challenges to advance taxonomic work lie, among others, in the correct application of scientific species names, which in turn depends on the availability of accurate reference databases. Global initiatives to provide reference lists of species names (e.g., Roskov et al. 2017) all include major gaps that can only be filled by taxonomic specialists. Some groups of organisms are particularly challenging to manage because of the number of species they encompass, conceptual differences between workers, or the existence of unresolved problems with species identities or concepts themselves. Simultaneously, those same groups will likely benefit the most from an authoritative overview.

The fruit fly tribe is a species-rich radiation within and contains around a fifth of all known species in the family (Norrbom et al. 1999, Pape et al. 2011, Schutze et al. 2017). All members are frugivorous or florivorous and about 10% of the 932 currently recognized species are pests of commercial fruits and vegetables (Fletcher 1987, White and Elson-Harris 1992, Vargas et al. 2015, Freidberg et al. 2017). Among these are some of the world’s economically most important pests, such as the widely introduced oriental fruit fly, (Hendel, 1912), carambola fruit fly Drew & Hancock, 1994, and the melon fly, (Coquillett, 1899) (De Meyer et al. 2015, Ekesi et al. 2016). The tribe as a whole has received considerable taxonomic attention and new species are continuously being discovered (Fig. 1; Leblanc et al. 2015a, David et al. 2016, 2017). flies are phenotypically very similar and therefore also one of the most difficult groups of to identify to species-level. Whereas many can be identified from their intricate wing patterns, which are commonly thought to have evolved to deter predators (such as jumping spiders [Whitman et al. 1988]), for mating rituals, or territorial behavior, the wings of most are clear with only a costal band and, usually, an anal streak. The adult chaetotaxy is a set of characters that is usually of value in dipteran species identification, but in the number of setae is reduced and similar configurations may often be homoplaseous (Hardy 1955, Hancock and Drew 2015). Their body colors, various combinations of black and yellow to red, are commonly thought to have resulted from wasp mimicry and may be under sePageBreaklective pressure (White 2006). Diagnostic body color patterns used to separate species are further confounded by considerable intraspecific variation (Leblanc et al. 2015b). The combination of these factors has resulted in a long history of unstable classification and even though molecular phylogenetic studies are now reaching a general consensus, this has not fully trickled down to the nomenclatural level.

Figure 1.

Accumulation of described species in through time, with publications that featured large numbers of newly described species indicated at their respective moment. The first species was described in 1790, but during the past fifty years the number of recognized [or known] species has more than doubled to reach the current 932.

is a tropical and subtropical evolutionary radiation of flies with centers of diversity in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Early molecular phylogenetic studies focused on pest species, often of a particular region, leading to biased results on the relationships between species that may not accurately reflect monophyletic origins or sister-group assignments (Smith et al. 2003, Nakahara and Muraji 2008, Virgilio et al. 2015). With phylogenetic studies expanding their scope beyond the pest species and increased use of molecular data, it became clear that the initial morphology-based classifications had to be revised and, in particular, the large genus had to be split into and because the latter is more closely related to (Krosch et al. 2012, Virgilio et al. 2015, San Jose et al. 2018 in press, Dupuis et al. 2017). Following the most recent results, there are currently four genera in : Bezzi, Fabricius, Macquart and Hendel PageBreak(De Meyer et al. 2015, Virgilio et al. 2015, Freidberg et al. 2017), although some authors (e.g., Drew and Romig 2013, 2016, Hancock and Drew 2016) continue to include within . Hardy is now placed in Gastrozonini (Norrbom et al. 1999, Freidberg et al. 2017). Aside from shifts in generic assignments, taxa have been variably assigned to species complexes, species groups, subgenera and species-complex groups to provide some additional systematic structure, primarily for the purpose of identification keys (Clarke et al. 2005, White 2006, Drew and Romig 2013). These intermediate taxonomic ranks are mostly groups of convenience defined by unique combinations of characters rather than by synapomorphic characters. The largest and most intesively studied is the complex with 88 species; the group that, incidentally, also holds the largest number of pest species. This complex, like most others, is not monophyletic (Leblanc et al. 2015b, Virgilio et al. 2015, San Jose et al. 2018 in press) and there has been synonymy of several significant pest species, such as Drew & Hancock, 1994, and Drew, Tsuruta & White, 2005 with (San Jose et al. 2013, Schutze et al. 2015a, 2015b). To facilitate communication and progress of our understanding of the group, a reliable taxonomic starting point is badly needed and will enable further studies into the taxonomy and systematics of the tribe.

The most recently published catalogs that covered globally are now almost two decades old (Norrbom et al. 1999, Norrbom 2004) and scattered regional treatments and keys currently comprise the largest body of references for . For Southeast Asia, there is a relatively recent two-part work including a revision (Drew and Romig 2013) and the accompanying keys that followed (Drew and Romig 2016). These books have incorporated the previous keys for the complex of Drew and Hancock (1994), but they did not adopt the latest results from a series of molecular phylogenetic works, including the split of into and . For other regions, all treatments are older with increased confusion due to differing morphological terminology, species designations, and assignments. For Africa, the most recent works are two treatments from 2006 (Hancock and Drew 2006, White 2006), and for Australasia there is a treatment from 1989 (Drew 1989), including keys, a proposed subgeneric classification, and revisions for the species in the region. As of 2017, the Drew and Romig books on the Asian fauna are in print and available for sale, and the other works are available digitally online and provide important catalogue references. Online resources that aim to provide up-to-date species checklists such as Systema Dipterorum (Pape and Thompson 2013), the Catalogue of Life (Roskov et al. 2017), or the pest-oriented database of the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences (CABI 2017) are outdated and have not been able to combine the regional treatments appropriately. Valid and invalid names can be verified using the Databases on the COFFHI website (https://coffhi.cphst.org/), but it was primarily designed for host plant information and the tephritid name searches are currently undergoing revision. Other websites, such as the “True Fruit Flies of the Afrotropical Region” (De Meyer and White 2016) or the “PACIFLY” website, covering the Pacific region (Pest Management in the Pacific Project 2003), PageBreakcontain valuable information, but are limited in scope and are irregularly maintained due to sporadic funding. The checklist presented here is a global overview of valid species names of . By publishing this list in paper and digital format we hope to provide a resource for those studying fruit fly taxonomy as well as researchers concerned with their impacts on agriculture. The list is largely a consolidation of previous works, but following the results from recent phylogenetic work (Virgilio et al. 2015, San Jose et al. 2018 in press), we transfer one subgenus and eight species to different genera: Hardy, considered to belong to the group of subgenera by Hancock and Drew (2017), is transferred to genus ; White, 1999, stat. rev., is transferred back to from ; Shiraki, 1933, stat. rev., is transferred back to from ; and (David & Hancock, 2017a), comb. n., (Perkins, 1938), comb. n., (Hardy, 1983), comb. n., (Malloch, 1939), comb. n., (Bezzi, 1916), comb. n., (Drew & Romig, 2013), comb. n., and (Hardy, 1955), comb. n. are transferred from to .

Methods

Checklist

The source data is, for a large part, comprised of regional treatments (Drew 1989, Hancock and Drew 2006, White 2006, Drew and Romig 2013), with additions and revisions from more recent studies (Drew et al. 2011, Yu et al. 2012, Hancock 2015, Hancock and Drew 2015, Hendrichs et al. 2015, Schutze et al. 2015b, David et al. 2016, 2017, Drew and Hancock 2016, Freidberg et al. 2017, Han et al. 2017). Species included in the list are ordered alphabetically by genus. We do not indicate subgeneric or species complex ranks because their biological significance is, at present, unclear (Leblanc et al. 2015b). We do, however, provide the checklist also in spreadsheet form in supplementary material (S1) where these ranks are included and users can sort the species to their preference. For distribution, we use a coarse geographical indication: African or Asia-Pacific. The native region is indicated in the line with the species name, invasive regions are mentioned in the notes. We also include known male lure records for each species: cue-lure, methyl eugenol, isoeugenol and zingerone. Zingerone, first reported as a male lure by Tan and Nishida (2000), has received increased attention in recent years, with new lure records, including species not attracted to the two other lures, for a number of species in Australia and Papua New Guinea (Fay 2012, Royer et al. 2015, 2017). These records are included in the list, along with previously unpublished new records, indicated as such, from our team’s recent surveys carried out in Taiwan, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. For morphological terminology we follow White et al. (2000), which follows that in standard usage for other and differs somewhat from the older treatments.

Conflicting views

For some species that have recently been synonymized or where there are conflicting views by different authors, we have indicated this under the ‘notes’ for the respective species, so that this may help users to place different views in perspective. It should also be noted that some authors do not follow the elevation of to genus-level, because this is currently only supported by molecular data and morphological studies are inconclusive (David et al. 2017, Virgilio et al. 2015, San Jose et al. 2018). This affects the placement of nearly 200 species and although we agree that the re-assignment of species may have initially been premature, recent studies corroborate the need to recognize as a genus to maintain as monophyletic. A 168-species seven-gene phylogeny, including multiple subgenera, shows that , and each are monophyletic, and provides moderate statistical support for a sister relationship between and (San Jose et al. 2018). A phylogeny with less representatives from , but 878 molecular loci, provides full statistical support for the sister relationship of with , and as sister to both (Dupuis et al. 2017). As such, in the old sense is paraphyletic.

Gender agreement

Because includes both masculine and feminine genera and because species have been moved between different genera over time, there is some confusion in the literature regarding the correct application of gender agreement. We have paid particular attention to this in the checklist. Most notably, several species names ending in -fer have originally been described without the author indicating if the name should be regarded as a noun or as an adjective. Following section 31.2.2 of the Zoological Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), such names should be treated as a noun in apposition and the ending should not change when the species is moved to a different genus. This applies to (Walker, 1860), (Walker, 1865) and (Walker, 1860).

Results

An overview of the current numbers of species split per genus, worldwide and according to the region where they are native, is shown in Table 1. Five species are shared between Africa and the Asia-Pacific regions: , and . There are no native to other regions, however, some species have become invasive in various countries outside their native distribution, such as from Asia introduced to Africa and various Pacific islands, introduced from Asia to the Indian Ocean islands and the Middle East, including Egypt, and Asian , that invaded PageBreakthe Guianas and northern Brazil in South America. Two invasive species are native to Africa; was introduced to the Mediterranean area, western Asia and California and northwestern Mexico in North America, and has invaded the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent (Vargas et al. 2015).

Table 1.

Number of described species per region.

	Worldwide	Africa	Asia-Pacific
Dacini	932	207	730
Bactrocera	461	13	451
Zeugodacus	196	1	195
Dacus	273	193	81
Monacrostichus	2	0	2

Checklist

Genus

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record. may be a junior synonym of . There are morphological intermediates from Sri Lanka in the UHIM collection with a dark facial band and darker femora.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Isoeugenol.

Notes: Weakly attracted to isoeugenol (Royer 2015)

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989 Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Malloch, 1931). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol, zingerone.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

de Meijere, 1911. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Cue-lure.

Notes: is very similar in appearance to . Based on UHIM collection material, the morphological variation of both species is larger than Drew and Romig (2013) suggest. Hardy (1954) considered them synonyms, but they are treated as different species in Drew and Romig (2013). Their populations are likely allopatric, but there appears to be some morphological overlap.

(Drew, 1979). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(May, 1962). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Kapoor, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Tsuruta, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1965). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: May be a junior synonym of . The latter is supposedly restricted to the eastern side of Australia, to the west. Even though these populations may now be largely allopatric, separated by the arid regions along the border between the Northern Territories and Queensland, they cannot be separated reliably based on morphology or using a population genetic approach with microsatellite data (Gilchrist et al. 2003, Cameron et al. 2010).

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous).

Drew, 1989 Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Malloch, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Cue-lure is a new lure record from surveys in French Polynesia in 1998.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Cue-lure, zingerone.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1952). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (oligophagous). Methyl eugenol.

White, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: and are the two members of the subgenus in the most recent treatment of these species (Hancock and Drew 2017b), and both may belong in the genus . They have the shallow emargination of sternite V and the long surstylus lobes of the male genitalia that fit with , but lack a medial vitta on the scutum and the lateral vittae do not extend anteriorly beyond the transverse suture. Because there is, at present, no molecular data to support either placement and because it is unclear which, if any, of these morphological characters are apomorphic we tentatively leave both species in .

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1865). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(May, 1963). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1922). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Bezzi, 1914). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record. See further comments under .

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Lin & Wang, 2005. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

(Drew, 1968). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Perkins & May, 1949). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White & Tsuruta, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (oligophagous). Cue-lure, zingerone.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1970). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins & May, 1949). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol, zingerone.

Notes: Under laboratory conditions, and can produce fertile F1 hybrids, though with reduced survivability, and there is evidence for hybridization in the wild. Nonetheless, based on a combination of genetic and morphological evidence, they are considered to be two separate species (Ebina and Ohto 2006, Schutze et al. 2015a). The native distribution of is in Southeast Asia, but it is invasive in South America (Guianas and northern Brazil).

(Hendel, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Kapoor, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol.

Tsuruta & White, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

David & Ranganath, 2016. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: Maybe should be moved to , see comments under .

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Walker, 1864). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Froggatt, 1909). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1965). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hering, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Radhakrishnan, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Malloch, 1931). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hendel, 1912). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol, zingerone.

Notes: , the Oriental fruit fly, is one of the most significant pest species within the , and it is invasive in many areas of Asia, Africa and the Pacific islands (Vargas et al. 2015). Based on a total-evidence approach, , and are now considered synonyms of , but these names can still be found in numerous papers and internet website resources. is known to hybridize with and genetic evidence suggests that there is historic hybridization with (Schutze et al. 2015b); see notes under those respective species for further details.

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins & May, 1949). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1970). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1958). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Walker, 1859). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Coquillett, 1909). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Tsuruta & White, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Tsuruta & White, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(May, 1957). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Lin & Wang, 2005. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: This is likely a junior synonym of . The only distinguishing character is in the width of the basal dark band on the scutellum, but this appears to be PageBreakvariable (Drew and Romig 2013). Because the characters have only been studied in small sample sizes there has not yet been an official synonymy.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Schiner, 1868). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: See under .

(Bezzi, 1928). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

David & Hancock, 2017. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Bezzi, 1913. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1995. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1995. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Tsuruta & White, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Ramani & David, 2016. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous).

(May, 1958). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: We continue the use of a masculine epithet like in previous treatments. Hardy did not give an etymology in his description of the species, but ‘’ could PageBreakrefer to the Greek mythical figure by that name, or reference to the Greek word for ‘appearance’, and we treat it as a noun in aposition.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

(de Mejeire, 1914). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol. Zingerone.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Notes: Methyl eugenol is a new lure record from surveys in Papua New Guinea in 1997/1999.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock ,1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol.

Notes: There is likely some (historical) introgression or hybridization between and , and the two cannot be separated reliably using mitochondrial genes (Schutze et al. 2015a, 2015b, San Jose, unpublished data).

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Froggatt, 1910). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Leblanc, 2015. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(Shiraki, 1968). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Perkins 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1950). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hendel, 1915). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (oligophagous).

Notes: Native to Asia and introduced into Africa and Hawaii.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: Male attractant uncertain, previous lure records are likely incorrect (see Drew 1989).

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Macquart, 1835. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Type species for the genus (see Hardy 1976).

(Munro, 1939). Africa. Non-pest.

(Malloch, 1931). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Doleschall, 1858. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins & May, 1949). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Coquillett, 1909). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins & May, 1949). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: It is uncertain if is a distinct species. Specimens identified as may be a dark form of , or hybrids of and (see Hancock et al. 2000).

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(May, 1958). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1908a). Africa. Fruit pest (monophagous).

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Enderlein, 1920). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Cue-lure, zingerone.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 2004. Africa. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Zingerone.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (oligophagous). Methyl eugenol.

(May, 1952). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1968). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1968). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Zhang Ji & Chen, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Li & Wang, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1955). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Munro, 1937). Africa. Non-pest.

White & Tsuruta, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (oligophagous). Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(May, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Malloch, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Malloch, 1931). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(de Mejeire, 1911). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Methyl eugenol.

Notes: The pest status of this species is uncertain and has possibly been overrated in literature, based on a few obscure rearing records cited in Drew and Hancock (1994).

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Methyl eugenol.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Malloch, 1942). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: Male attractant uncertain. Label data of collected specimens suggests that they have been collected both with cue lure and methyl eugenol, which seems unlikely. Possibly the traps have been contaminated.

(Gmelin, 1790). Africa. Fruit pest (monophagous).

Notes: is thought to be native to sub-Saharan Africa, and invasive in North Africa, southern Europe, western Asia, and California and northwestern Mexico in North America.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew & Hardy, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Malloch, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1955). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins & May, 1949). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Chen Zhou & Li, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romi,g 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1995. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Notes: The attraction to methyl eugenol possibly is weak.

(Hendel, 1912). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Froggatt, 1910). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1859). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1913). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: Male attractant uncertain. Label data of collected specimens suggests that they have been collected both with cue lure and methyl eugenol, which seems unlikely. Possibly the traps have been contaminated.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Froggatt, 1910). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Aubertin, 1929). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

White & Tsuruta, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Ito, 1983. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: see comments under

(Hardy, 1970). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1956). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Lin & Zeng, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Tsuruta & White, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous).

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 1999, stat. rev. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: This species was assigned to the subgenus by Drew and Romig (2013), and subsequently assigned to genus by De Meyer et al. (2015). It was assigned to based on having a medial yellow scutal vitta and PageBreakhaving just two scutellar setae, but it differs from other members of in lacking yellow marks anterior to the transverse suture (= notopleural suture of Drew and Romig 2013), the presence of which is likely a reliable character for assignment to (White 1999, San Jose et al. 2018). In a phylogeny based on molecular data from seven genes, the species is reliably placed within the clade (San Jose et al. 2018). We therefore here move the species back to and tentatively assign it to the subgenus .

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 2002. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Froggatt, 1899). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Tryon, 1927. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1983). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (oligophagous).

(May, 1963). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1928). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Weyenbergh, 1869). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1958). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Wang & Zhao, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

(May, 1967). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Tsuruta & White, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Malloch, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(May, 1962). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

(Malloch, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1865). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Methyl eugenol.

Fay & Hancock, 2006. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1934). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White & Tsuruta, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(May, 1965). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Walker, 1860). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Huxam & Hancock, 2006. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Froggatt, 1897). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: See under .

(Miyake, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Fabricius, 1805). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Methyl eugenol.

(Malloch, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Malloch, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (monophagous). Methyl eugenol.

(Hardy, 1951). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Hancock, 2016. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Li & Wang, 2006. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Broun, 1904). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Matsumara, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Saunders, 1842). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest (polyphagous). Methyl eugenol.

Notes: Natively distributed in Asia, from the Indian subcontinent to Vietnam, and invasive in the Afrotropical and West-Palearctic (Middle East) Regions.

Genus

Munro, 1933. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

(May, 1956). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1940). Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest.

Coquillett, 1909. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Adams, 1905. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Becker, 1903. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1937). Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1939. Africa. Non-pest.

Fabricius, 1805. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Type species for the genus.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

White & Evenhuis, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering 1938). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: is a species that is common in Australia and Papua New Guinea, and this name appears in various pest-related resources. and may be conspecific with . The latter two were described in a single publication by Hendel (Hendel 1927) without illustrations and the descriptions do not differentiate either from . The types of and were lost during the fire at the Museum in Hamburg in 1943.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Wang, 1990. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1941). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1981. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

(Curran, 1927). Africa. Non-pest.

Loew, 1862. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Wang, 1990). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1908. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bigot, 1858). Africa. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1917. Africa. Non-pest.

Hering, 1941. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Coquillett, 1901. Africa. Non-pest.

Walker, 1861. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Curran, 1927. Africa. Non-pest.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1924). Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Loew, 1862 Africa. fruit pest.

Notes: Native to the Aftrotropical Region, and invasive in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka).

Hendel, 1928. Africa. Non-pest.

Royer & Hancock, 2012. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1938. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

de Meijere, 1911. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1914). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Munro, 1957. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1939. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1917). Africa. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1861). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1956). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1915). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Romig, 2007. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1935. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: The attraction to zingerone was documented by Manrakhan et al. (2017).

(Bezzi, 1924). Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro 1939. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1917. Africa. Non-pest.

(Shiraki, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Collart, 1940. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1915. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Graham, 1910. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2007. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Tseng & Chu, 1983). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Becker, 1922. Africa. fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: The attraction to zingerone was documented by Manrakhan et al. (2017).

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

Wiedemann, 1819. Africa. Non-pest.

Malloch, 1932. Africa. Non-pest.

Graham, 1910. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

De Meyer, White & Goodger, 2013. Africa. Non-pest.

Hering, 1944. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1933. Africa. Non-pest.

Wang & Zhao, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1917. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew, 1979. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1939). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1915). Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest.

(Enderlein, 1920). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Munro, 1939. Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1908. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1956). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Curran, 1927. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Macquart, 1843. Africa. fruit pest.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

(Wiedemann, 1830). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Wiedemann, 1830. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1924). Africa. Non-pest.

Coquillett, 1901. Africa. fruit pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1919. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1937. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1917. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1932. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Hancock & Drew, 2001. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Collart, 1940. Africa. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1937). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest.

Hardy, 1982. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Munro, 1932. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Munro, 1938. Africa. Non-pest.

Hendel, 1927. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(May, 1956). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Hering, 1941. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1970). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Senior-White, 1922). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Karsch, 1887. Africa. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

(Curran, 1927). Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

(May, 1965). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Hering, 1941. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1937). Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1915. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1941). Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1948. Africa. Non-pest.

Hancock, 1985. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Hancock, 1981). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

Loew, 1862. Africa. Non-pest.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew, 1989. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Becker, 1903. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1956). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Munro, 1939. Africa. Non-pest.

Wang, 1990. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Malloch, 1939. Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Speiser, 1910. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1924). Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1929. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1919). Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Ito, 2011. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Drew & Romig, 2001. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1924). Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1928. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1938. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

Hering, 1941. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Collart, 1935. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1937. Africa. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1919. Africa. Non-pest.

Wang, 1990. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

Drew & Romig, 2013. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1938. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

(Hendel, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: See under

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1939. Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1908. Africa. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(Hendel, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: See under .

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1939. Africa. Non-pest.

Drew & Hancock, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 1998. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Bezzi, 1917. Africa. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1984). Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1915). Africa. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Bezzi, 1924. Africa. Non-pest.

Munro, 1984. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2009. Africa. Non-pest.

White, 2006. Africa. Non-pest.

Genus

(Bezzi, 1913). Asia-Pacific. Fruit pest.

Notes: Type species for the genus.

Drew & Hancock, 1994. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Genus

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1861). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Chen & Zhou, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: We regard this name as a noun, not changing the ending, following De Meyer et al. (2015). Chen and Zhou (2013) did not specify if it was meant as a noun or adjective, but mentioned “the specific ephithet refers to the wing anal streak”.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(de Meijere, 1911). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Yu He & Chen, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1861). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Shiraki, 1933, stat. rev. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: This species is here reassigned to . It has a medial postsutural vitta and yellow markings anterior of the transverse suture, which are likely reliable morphological characters for assignment to . This generic assignment is further supported by DNA sequence data from seven genes (San Jose et al. 2018). Whether the other members assigned to the subgenus should be placed in or remains to be determined.

(Hering, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

White, 1999. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(White & Evenhuis, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Zhang, Ji, Yang & Chen, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 2002). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1983). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(David & Hancock, 2017), comb. n. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: This species was recently described in and placed in the subgenus , of which all other previous members have been transferred to (De Meyer et al. 2015). We here follow this reasoning.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1970). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Fabricius, 1805). Asia-Pacific. flower pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Type species for genus.

(May, 1962). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hendel, 1912). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(French, 1907). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(Coquillett, 1899). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: , the melon fly, is one of the most significant pest species with the . Although different forms are recognized that can be correlated with different hosts, these are generally not thought to represent different (cryptic) species (De Meyer et al. 2015, Hendrichs et al. 2015). Natively widespread in Asia and invasive in many Pacific islands and the Afrotropical region.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(Hering, 1952). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hendel, 1915). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Yu, Deng & Chen, 2012). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: is not included in the Drew and Romig (2013, 2016) keys. According to the diagnosis, it is similar to but differs in having the face with two bands, and the costal band on the wing confluent with vein R2+3 and not expanded apically.

(Coquillett, 1904). Asia-Pacific. flower pest. Methyl eugenol.

Notes: Drew and Romig (2013) state that this species appears to have a weak attraction to methyl eugenol. We hereby confirm this attraction, based on the recent capture of fifteen flies among eight different trapping locations in Nepal and additional records from Bangladesh.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Walker, 1860). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(White & Evenhuis, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2001). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Munro, 1935). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2001). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

(Yu He & Yang, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure

(Zia, 1936). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Notes: Zingerone is a new lure record.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1861). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1974). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Enderlein, 1920). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Mahmood, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Perkins, 1938), comb. n. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: Originally described in , here transferred from . It is placed in the subgenus . Members of were not moved to by De Meyer et al. (2015) because only one representative, Drew, 1989, had been included in any molecular phylogenetic studies, where it was robustly placed in . However, has since been synonymized with and removed from along with several other species that did not have the shallow posterior emargination of sternite V and elongate posterior surstylus lobes in the male genitalia, which fit . We therefore now move all remaining species in the subgenus to .

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Mahmood, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hendel, 1915). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Chua & Ooi, 1998). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Methyl eugenol.

(Ito, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: is not included in the Drew and Romig (2013, 2016) keys. According to the diagnosis it is similar to , but differs in having dull brownish instead of shining a black marking surrounding the ocellar triangle. This may prove to be a junior synonym of when more specimens are studied or when molecular data become available.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1938). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(White & Evenhuis, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Yu Liu & Yang, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1952). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1983), comb. nov. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Originally described in , here transferred from . See further comments under .

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Malloch, 1939), comb. nov. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

Notes: This species was moved from to the subgenus by Hancock and Drew (2016), but they continued to classify that subgenus in . Like all members of the subgenus , we here place it in the genus .

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1862). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Zhang Che & Gao, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1919). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1971). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1913). Asia-Pacific. flower pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1916), comb. nov. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Originally described in , here transferred from . See further comments under .

(Hendel, 1912). Asia-Pacific. flower pest. Cue-lure.

(Bezzi, 1916). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013), comb. nov. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Here transferred from . See further comments under .

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Tryon, 1927). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hering, 1941). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Yu Bai & Chen, 2011). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Walker, 1861). Asia-Pacific. flower pest. Cue-lure.

(Hering, 1953). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hendel, 1913). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Mahmood, 1999). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(Shiraki, 1933). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Walker, 1849). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: possibly represents a cryptic species complex the extent of which is currently unclear (Baimai 2000, Kitthawee and Dujardin 2010, Kitthawee and Rungsri 2011, Dujardin and Kitthawee 2013).

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Perkins, 1939). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1968). Asia-Pacific. flower pest. Cue-lure, zingerone.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest. Cue-lure.

(May, 1962). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1955), comb. nov. Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: Originally described in , here transferred from . See further comments under .

(Hardy & Adachi, 1954). Asia-Pacific. fruit pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew, 1989). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew, 1972). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(White, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1982). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Hardy, 1954). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Drew & Romig, 2013). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest.

(Hardy, 1973). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

(Mahmood, 1999). Asia-Pacific. Non-pest. Cue-lure.

Notes: The characters that supposedly distinguish from overlap, and may be a synonym of (Drew & Romig, 2013). See further notes under .