miRNAs as Potential Treatment Targets and Treatment Options in Cancer.

Standard cancer therapies for solid malignancies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are not target specific against cancer cells and are often not fully efficacious. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy may cause side effects, and the need to develop additional strategies for cancer treatment is urgent. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with heterogeneous functions and have been described in almost every known cancer model. Besides their basic tumor-suppressive and oncogenic functions, they also have the potential to modulate chemotherapy and radiotherapy and to be manipulated with chemical compounds to make them chemically suitable for efficient delivery to cancer cells. It has been suggested that the level of expression of specific miRNAs could increase treatment efficacy by determining the stage of chemotherapy/radiotherapy sensitivity. Application of miRNAs alone or in combination with standard therapeutic strategies may significantly improve the success of cancer treatments in the future.