Naoko Fujiyoshi1, Hisatomi Arima1,2, Atsushi Satoh1,2, Toshiyuki Ojima3, Nobuo Nishi4, Nagako Okuda5, Aya Kadota1,6, Takayoshi Ohkubo7, Atsushi Hozawa8, Naoki Nakaya8, Akira Fujiyoshi1, Tomonori Okamura9, Hirotsugu Ueshima1,6, Akira Okayama10, Katsuyuki Miura1,6. 1. Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science. 2. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University. 3. Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine. 4. International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition. 5. Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences. 6. Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Sciences. 7. Department of Hygiene and Public Health Teikyo University School of Medicine. 8. Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University. 9. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University. 10. Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention.
Abstract
AIM: To investigate associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence and treatment status of hypercholesterolemia in a general Japanese population. METHODS: In 2010, we established a cohort study of 2417 adults (age 20-91 yr) from 300 randomly selected areas across Japan who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of Japan. We cross-sectionally examined an association between SES and (1) prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in 2417 participants (999 men and 1418 women) and (2) not receiving medication for hypercholesterolemia in 654 participants (215 men and 439 women). SES included employment status, marital status, length of education, and household expenditures. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as a total serum cholesterol level of ≥6.21 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) or the use of lipid-lowering medications. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 21.5% in men and 31.0% in women. In men, the lowest quintile of household expenditures was associated with a higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (28.3%) compared with the upper 4 quintiles (19.9%) (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-2.38). Among participants with hypercholesterolemia, 55.4% of men and 55.1% of women were not receiving medication. Unmarried men were more likely to be untreated (75.0%) than married men (50.9%) (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio 2.53;95%CI 1.05-6.08). SES had no significant effects in women. CONCLUSION: In a general population of Japanese men, low household expenditures were associated with a higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and unmarried men with hypercholesterolemia were less likely to receive medication.
AIM: To investigate associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence and treatment status of hypercholesterolemia in a general Japanese population. METHODS: In 2010, we established a cohort study of 2417 adults (age 20-91 yr) from 300 randomly selected areas across Japan who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of Japan. We cross-sectionally examined an association between SES and (1) prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in 2417 participants (999 men and 1418 women) and (2) not receiving medication for hypercholesterolemia in 654 participants (215 men and 439 women). SES included employment status, marital status, length of education, and household expenditures. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as a total serum cholesterol level of ≥6.21 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) or the use of lipid-lowering medications. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 21.5% in men and 31.0% in women. In men, the lowest quintile of household expenditures was associated with a higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (28.3%) compared with the upper 4 quintiles (19.9%) (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-2.38). Among participants with hypercholesterolemia, 55.4% of men and 55.1% of women were not receiving medication. Unmarried men were more likely to be untreated (75.0%) than married men (50.9%) (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio 2.53;95%CI 1.05-6.08). SES had no significant effects in women. CONCLUSION: In a general population of Japanese men, low household expenditures were associated with a higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and unmarried men with hypercholesterolemia were less likely to receive medication.
Authors: R V Luepker; W D Rosamond; R Murphy; J M Sprafka; A R Folsom; P G McGovern; H Blackburn Journal: Circulation Date: 1993-11 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Sarah Lewington; Gary Whitlock; Robert Clarke; Paul Sherliker; Jonathan Emberson; Jim Halsey; Nawab Qizilbash; Richard Peto; Rory Collins Journal: Lancet Date: 2007-12-01 Impact factor: 79.321