Katrine M Johannesen1,2, Elena Gardella1,2, Tarja Linnankivi3, Carolina Courage4,5, Anne de Saint Martin6,7, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki4,5, Cyril Mignot8, Alexandra Afenjar9, Gaetan Lesca10,11,12, Marie-Thérèse Abi-Warde6,7, Jamel Chelly13,14, Amélie Piton13,14, J Lawrence Merritt15, Lance H Rodan16,17, Wen-Hann Tan16,17, Lynne M Bird18, Mark Nespeca19, Joseph G Gleeson20, Yongjin Yoo21, Murim Choi21, Jong-Hee Chae22, Desiree Czapansky-Beilman23, Sara Chadwick Reichert24, Manuela Pendziwiat25, Judith S Verhoeven26, Helenius J Schelhaas26, Orrin Devinsky27, Jakob Christensen28, Nicola Specchio29, Marina Trivisano29, Yvonne G Weber30, Caroline Nava31,32, Boris Keren31,32, Diane Doummar33, Elise Schaefer34, Sarah Hopkins35, Holly Dubbs36, Jessica E Shaw36, Laura Pisani36, Candace T Myers15, Sha Tang37, Shan Tang38, Deb K Pal38, John J Millichap39,40, Gemma L Carvill40, Kathrine L Helbig37, Oriano Mecarelli41, Pasquale Striano42, Ingo Helbig25,35, Guido Rubboli1,43, Heather C Mefford15, Rikke S Møller1,2. 1. The Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark. 2. Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 3. Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 4. The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 5. Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Neuroscience Center, Helsinki, Finland. 6. Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. 7. Reference Center for Rare Epilepsies, Strasbourg, France. 8. Department of Genetics, Center for Rare causes of Intellectual Disabilities and UPMC Research Group "Intellectual Disabilities and Autism", Paris, France. 9. APHP, Genetic Services, Hospital Trousseau, Paris, France. 10. Departments of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France. 11. Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France. 12. Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMRS5292, INSERM U1028, Lyon, France. 13. Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut Génétique Biologie Moléculaire Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France. 14. Laboratory of Genetic Diagnosis, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. 15. Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 16. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 17. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 18. Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 19. Division of Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. 20. Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. 21. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 22. Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. 23. Pediatric Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, Burnsville, MN, USA. 24. Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 25. Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. 26. Department of Neurology, Academic Center for Epileptology, Heeze, The Netherlands. 27. NYU Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA. 28. Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 29. Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy. 30. Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tüebingen, Tüebingen, Germany. 31. Department of Genetics, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. 32. Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France. 33. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neuropediatric Services, Hospital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France. 34. Medical Genetics, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. 35. Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 36. Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 37. Division of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA. 38. Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. 39. Epilepsy Center and Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 40. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. 41. Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Neurophysiopathology and Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Sapeinza, Rome, Italy. 42. Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa 'G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy. 43. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Pathogenic SLC6A1 variants were recently described in patients with myoclonic atonic epilepsy (MAE) and intellectual disability (ID). We set out to define the phenotypic spectrum in a larger cohort of SCL6A1-mutated patients. METHODS: We collected 24 SLC6A1 probands and 6 affected family members. Four previously published cases were included for further electroclinical description. In total, we reviewed the electroclinical data of 34 subjects. RESULTS: Cognitive development was impaired in 33/34 (97%) subjects; 28/34 had mild to moderate ID, with language impairment being the most common feature. Epilepsy was diagnosed in 31/34 cases with mean onset at 3.7 years. Cognitive assessment before epilepsy onset was available in 24/31 subjects and was normal in 25% (6/24), and consistent with mild ID in 46% (11/24) or moderate ID in 17% (4/24). Two patients had speech delay only, and 1 had severe ID. After epilepsy onset, cognition deteriorated in 46% (11/24) of cases. The most common seizure types were absence, myoclonic, and atonic seizures. Sixteen cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MAE. Seven further patients had different forms of generalized epilepsy and 2 had focal epilepsy. Twenty of 31 patients became seizure-free, with valproic acid being the most effective drug. There was no clear-cut correlation between seizure control and cognitive outcome. Electroencephalography (EEG) findings were available in 27/31 patients showing irregular bursts of diffuse 2.5-3.5 Hz spikes/polyspikes-and-slow waves in 25/31. Two patients developed an EEG pattern resembling electrical status epilepticus during sleep. Ataxia was observed in 7/34 cases. We describe 7 truncating and 18 missense variants, including 4 recurrent variants (Gly232Val, Ala288Val, Val342Met, and Gly362Arg). SIGNIFICANCE: Most patients carrying pathogenic SLC6A1 variants have an MAE phenotype with language delay and mild/moderate ID before epilepsy onset. However, ID alone or associated with focal epilepsy can also be observed. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
OBJECTIVE: Pathogenic SLC6A1 variants were recently described in patients with myoclonic atonic epilepsy (MAE) and intellectual disability (ID). We set out to define the phenotypic spectrum in a larger cohort of SCL6A1-mutated patients. METHODS: We collected 24 SLC6A1 probands and 6 affected family members. Four previously published cases were included for further electroclinical description. In total, we reviewed the electroclinical data of 34 subjects. RESULTS: Cognitive development was impaired in 33/34 (97%) subjects; 28/34 had mild to moderate ID, with language impairment being the most common feature. Epilepsy was diagnosed in 31/34 cases with mean onset at 3.7 years. Cognitive assessment before epilepsy onset was available in 24/31 subjects and was normal in 25% (6/24), and consistent with mild ID in 46% (11/24) or moderate ID in 17% (4/24). Two patients had speech delay only, and 1 had severe ID. After epilepsy onset, cognition deteriorated in 46% (11/24) of cases. The most common seizure types were absence, myoclonic, and atonic seizures. Sixteen cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MAE. Seven further patients had different forms of generalized epilepsy and 2 had focal epilepsy. Twenty of 31 patients became seizure-free, with valproic acid being the most effective drug. There was no clear-cut correlation between seizure control and cognitive outcome. Electroencephalography (EEG) findings were available in 27/31 patients showing irregular bursts of diffuse 2.5-3.5 Hz spikes/polyspikes-and-slow waves in 25/31. Two patients developed an EEG pattern resembling electrical status epilepticus during sleep. Ataxia was observed in 7/34 cases. We describe 7 truncating and 18 missense variants, including 4 recurrent variants (Gly232Val, Ala288Val, Val342Met, and Gly362Arg). SIGNIFICANCE: Most patients carrying pathogenic SLC6A1 variants have an MAE phenotype with language delay and mild/moderate ID before epilepsy onset. However, ID alone or associated with focal epilepsy can also be observed. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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