Cecilia A Essau1, Peter M Lewinsohn2, Jie Xin Lim3, Moon-Ho R Ho3, Paul Rohde2. 1. Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, Whitelands College, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK. Electronic address: c.essau@roehampton.ac.uk. 2. Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive Eugene, OR 97403-1983, USA. 3. Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are common in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and frequently comorbid with other mental disorders. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the present study was to examine the incidence, recurrence and comorbidity rates of anxiety disorders across four developmental periods, namely, during childhood (5 - 12.9 years), adolescence (13 - 17.9 years), emerging adulthood (18 - 23.9 years), and adulthood (24 - 30 years). METHOD: Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and adulthood. RESULTS: The result showed first incidence of anxiety disorders to be significantly higher in childhood and adulthood than in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Female gender was associated with first incidence, but not with recurrence. Significant comorbidity was found between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) across the four developmental periods. The comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD) was significant in childhood, emerging adulthood and adulthood, but not in adolescence. The presence of anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence significantly increased the probability of having an anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood. LIMITATIONS: The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous. CONCLUSION: Incidence and recurrence rates of anxiety disorders differed across four diverse developmental periods. The magnitude of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and MDD was comparable across periods.
BACKGROUND:Anxiety disorders are common in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and frequently comorbid with other mental disorders. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the present study was to examine the incidence, recurrence and comorbidity rates of anxiety disorders across four developmental periods, namely, during childhood (5 - 12.9 years), adolescence (13 - 17.9 years), emerging adulthood (18 - 23.9 years), and adulthood (24 - 30 years). METHOD: Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and adulthood. RESULTS: The result showed first incidence of anxiety disorders to be significantly higher in childhood and adulthood than in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Female gender was associated with first incidence, but not with recurrence. Significant comorbidity was found between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) across the four developmental periods. The comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD) was significant in childhood, emerging adulthood and adulthood, but not in adolescence. The presence of anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence significantly increased the probability of having an anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood. LIMITATIONS: The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous. CONCLUSION: Incidence and recurrence rates of anxiety disorders differed across four diverse developmental periods. The magnitude of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and MDD was comparable across periods.
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