Ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone biosynthesis, receptors and their signaling in the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia.

The two essential insect hormones, ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones, are possessed not only by insects, but also widely by arthropods, and regulate various developmental and physiological processes. In contrast to the abundant information about molecular endocrine mechanisms in insects, the knowledge of non-insect arthropod endocrinology is still limited. In this review, we summarize recent reports about the molecular basis of these two major insect hormones in the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia, a keystone taxon in limnetic ecology and a bioindicator in environmental studies. Comprehensive comparisons of endocrine signaling pathways between insects and daphnids may shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of various biological phenomena and, moreover, evolutionary processes of arthropod species.