Aurelio Tobías1, Ioar Rivas2, Cristina Reche3, Andrés Alastuey3, Sergio Rodríguez4, Rocío Fernández-Camacho5, Ana M Sánchez de la Campa5, Jesús de la Rosa5, Jordi Sunyer6, Xavier Querol3. 1. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: aurelio.tobias@idaea.csic.es. 2. ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. 3. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. 4. Joint Research Unit to CSIC "Studies on Atmospheric Pollution", Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, AEMET, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 5. Centre Associate Unit CSIC-UHU "Atmospheric Pollution", Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain. 6. ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the short-term effects of ultrafine particles (with diameter<100nm, UFP) on health is still inconsistent. New particles in ambient urban air are the result of direct emissions and also the formation of secondary UFP from gaseous precursors. We segregated UFP into these two components and investigated their impact on daily mortality in three Spanish cities affected by different sources of air pollution. METHODS: We separated the UFP using a method based on the high correlation between black carbon (BC) and particle number concentration (N). The first component accounts for aerosol constituents emitted by vehicle exhaust (N1) and the second for the photochemical new particle formation enhancements (N2). We applied city-specific Poisson regression models, adjusting for long-term trends, temperature and population dynamics. RESULTS: Mean BC levels were higher in Barcelona and Tenerife (1.8 and 1.2μg·m-3, respectively) than in Huelva (0.8μg·m-3). While mean UFP concentrations were similar in the three cities, from which N1 was 40% in Barcelona, 46% in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and 27% in Huelva. We observed an association with N1 and daily mortality in Barcelona, by increasing approximately 1.5% between lags 0 and 2, per an interquartile increase (IQR) of 3277cm-3, but not with N2. A similar pattern was found in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, although none of the associations were significant. Conversely, in the industrial city of Huelva mortality was associated with N2 at lag 0, by increasing 3.9% per an IQR of 12,032·cm-3. CONCLUSION: The pattern and origin of UFP determines their short-term effect on human health. BC is possibly the better parameter to evaluate the health effects of particulate vehicle exhaust emissions, although in areas influenced by domestic solid fuel combustion this should also be taken into account.
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the short-term effects of ultrafine particles (with diameter<100nm, UFP) on health is still inconsistent. New particles in ambient urban air are the result of direct emissions and also the formation of secondary UFP from gaseous precursors. We segregated UFP into these two components and investigated their impact on daily mortality in three Spanish cities affected by different sources of air pollution. METHODS: We separated the UFP using a method based on the high correlation between black carbon (BC) and particle number concentration (N). The first component accounts for aerosol constituents emitted by vehicle exhaust (N1) and the second for the photochemical new particle formation enhancements (N2). We applied city-specific Poisson regression models, adjusting for long-term trends, temperature and population dynamics. RESULTS: Mean BC levels were higher in Barcelona and Tenerife (1.8 and 1.2μg·m-3, respectively) than in Huelva (0.8μg·m-3). While mean UFP concentrations were similar in the three cities, from which N1 was 40% in Barcelona, 46% in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and 27% in Huelva. We observed an association with N1 and daily mortality in Barcelona, by increasing approximately 1.5% between lags 0 and 2, per an interquartile increase (IQR) of 3277cm-3, but not with N2. A similar pattern was found in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, although none of the associations were significant. Conversely, in the industrial city of Huelva mortality was associated with N2 at lag 0, by increasing 3.9% per an IQR of 12,032·cm-3. CONCLUSION: The pattern and origin of UFP determines their short-term effect on human health. BC is possibly the better parameter to evaluate the health effects of particulate vehicle exhaust emissions, although in areas influenced by domestic solid fuel combustion this should also be taken into account.
Authors: Henrik Olstrup; Christer Johansson; Bertil Forsberg; Christofer Åström Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2019-03-21 Impact factor: 3.390
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Authors: Eva Jimenez-Relinque; Francisco Rubiano; Ramon Hingorani; Maria Grande; Angel Castillo; Roman Nevshupa; Marta Castellote Journal: Front Chem Date: 2020-09-16 Impact factor: 5.221