| Literature DB >> 29200475 |
Severine Bartel1, Serban Dan Costa2, Siegfried Kropf3, Anke Redlich2, Anke Rissmann1.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Worldwide the prevalence of neuropsychiatric illness among women of reproductive age is higher than ever before. This study investigates the influences of maternal substance abuse/dependence and neuropsychiatric illness on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a retrospective study design 185 pregnancies in women with neuropsychiatric illnesses or substance abuse were identified at a single centre over a period of 3.25 years and compared to 4907 pregnancies in healthy women without mental illness. Differences in pre-, peri- and postnatal pregnancy parameters were studied.Entities:
Keywords: abortion; fetal outcome; neuropsychiatric illness; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome
Year: 2017 PMID: 29200475 PMCID: PMC5703669 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-120920
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Flow diagram of study participants and division into subgroups. AD = antidepressants, AED = anti-epileptic drugs, subst. = substitution therapy.
Table 1 Incidence distribution of maternal neuropsychiatric diagnoses in the case group according to ICD 10 GM 2014.
| Maternal neuropsychiatric diagnoses according to ICD 10 (GM 2014) | Absolute incidence (n = 185) | Relative incidence (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main group | Subgroup | ||
| I Depression (F31 – F33) | Bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders (F40, 41, 43) | 77 | 41.6 |
| II Epilepsy (G40) | 39 | 21.1 | |
| III Substance abuse (F10, 11, 19) | 23 | 12.4 | |
| IV Other psychiatric illness (F60, 99, 20, 79, 50) | 18 | 9.7 | |
| Of these: | Borderline personality disorder (F60) | 6 | 3.2 |
Unclassified mental illness (F99) | 3 | 1.6 | |
Schizophrenia (F20) | 4 | 2.2 | |
Mental retardation (F79) | 3 | 1.6 | |
Anorexia nervosa (F50) | 2 | 1.1 | |
| V Other neurological disorders (G35, 70, 50, 91, 81, 43, 25, 71, 25) | 28 | 15.1 | |
| Of these: | Multiple sclerosis (G35) | 12 | 6.5 |
Myasthenia gravis (G70) | 1 | 0.5 | |
Trigeminal neuralgia (G50) | 1 | 0.5 | |
Hydrocephalus (G91) | 3 | 1.6 | |
Hemiparesis (G81) | 3 | 1.6 | |
Migraine (G43) | 4 | 2.2 | |
Restless legs syndrome (G25) | 2 | 1.1 | |
Myotonic dystrophy (G71) | 1 | 0.5 | |
Tremor (G25) | 1 | 0.5 | |
Table 2 Overview of maternal findings part 1.
| Case groups | Control group | Significance (p value)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MW | SD | MW | SD | |||
| M = mean, SD = standard deviation, AED = antiepileptic drug) | ||||||
| Number of previous abortions on obstetric history | Case group total | 0.33 | 0.69 | 0.24 | 0.60 |
|
Depression | 0.47 | 0.75 |
| |||
Epilepsy | 0.38 | 0.91 | 0.054 | |||
Substance abuse/dependence | 0 | 0 | 0.967 | |||
Depression without antidepressants | 0.51 | 0.83 |
| |||
Depression with antidepressants | 0.40 | 0.62 | 0.139 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.313 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 0.41 | 1.05 | 0.100 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 0 | 0 | 0.971 | |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 0 | 0 | 0.986 | |||
| Age | Case group total | 29.40 | 5.86 | 29.67 | 5.62 | 0.543 |
Depression | 31.23 | 4.93 |
| |||
Epilepsy | 28.87 | 6.29 | 0.765 | |||
Substance abuse | 24.83 | 5.89 |
| |||
Depression without antidepressants | 31.34 | 5.29 | 0.222 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 31.07 | 4.38 | 0.675 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 27.25 | 6.12 | 0.589 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 29.59 | 6.34 | 1.000 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 24.11 | 5.88 |
| |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 28.25 | 5.32 | 0.997 | |||
| Number of antenatal visits | Case group total | 12.63 | 3.90 | 12.05 | 3.97 |
|
Depression | 13.75 | 3.94 |
| |||
Epilepsy | 11.45 | 3.29 | 0.323 | |||
Substance abuse | 10.70 | 3.64 | 0.198 | |||
Depression without antidepressants | 14.06 | 3.57 |
| |||
Depression with antidepressants | 13.21 | 4.51 | 0.112 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 11.67 | 2.67 | 0.831 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 11.35 | 3.59 | 0.294 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 10.41 | 3.73 | 0.145 | |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 12.33 | 3.21 | 0.888 | |||
Table 3 Overview of maternal results part 2.
| Case group (%) | Control group (%) | Significance (p value)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| * Statistical significance testing with χ2 test, significance level p < 0.05 | ||||
| Mode of delivery | Spontaneous vaginal | 53.4 | 64.8 |
|
Primary classical caesarean section | 18.3 | 11.9 | ||
Secondary caesarean section | 14.7 | 12.6 | ||
Other caesareans (Misgav Ladach method, repeat caesarean sections) | 11.0 | 7.9 | ||
Operative vaginal delivery (forceps, vacuum extraction) | 2.6 | 2.9 | ||
Fig. 2Box plot of interval to estimated date of delivery for case group and control group children. Y-axis: interval to EDD in days, 0 = EDD (40/0 SSW).
Table 4 Overview of results for neonatal parameters.
| Case groups | Control groups | Significance (p values)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||
| M = mean, SD = Standard deviation, AED = antiepileptic drug | ||||||
| Interval to EDD in days | Case group total | − 14.84 | 22.55 | − 10.43 | 21.65 |
|
Depression | − 12.51 | 20.27 | 0.739 | |||
Epilepsy | − 12.20 | 18.75 | 0.830 | |||
Substance abuse/dependence | − 16.77 | 24.70 | 0.155 | |||
Depression without antidepressants | − 13.84 | 19,78 | 0.971 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | − 10.30 | 21.22 | 0.996 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | − 11.00 | 12.56 | 1.000 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | − 12.78 | 21.29 | 0.841 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | − 17.61 | 27.06 | 0.293 | |||
Substance abuse with substitution | − 13.00 | 9.90 | 0.998 | |||
| Birth weight in g | Case group total | 3013.77 | 768.37 | 3162.96 | 780.09 | 0.378 |
Depression | 3120.75 | 680.52 | 0.993 | |||
Epilepsy | 3106.50 | 719.56 | 0.987 | |||
Substance abuse | 2738.48 | 857.73 |
| |||
Depression without antidepressants | 3116.40 | 728.15 | 0.945 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 3128.00 | 604.67 | 0.977 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 2952.69 | 610.50 | 0.594 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 3180.56 | 766.23 | 0.987 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 2698.42 | 870.44 |
| |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 2928.75 | 889.22 | 0.984 | |||
| Birth length in cm | Case group total | 49.26 | 4.58 | 50.85 | 2.95 |
|
Depression | 49.93 | 3.71 | 0.997 | |||
Epilepsy | 50.00 | 3.93 | 0.940 | |||
Substance abuse | 47.70 | 4.98 |
| |||
Depression without antidepressants | 50.06 | 3.87 | 0.950 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 49.71 | 3.45 | 0.635 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 50.25 | 2.56 | 0.997 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 49.89 | 4.45 | 1.000 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 47.42 | 5.25 |
| |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 49.00 | 3.65 | 0.979 | |||
| Head circumference in cm | Case group total | 33.75 | 5.54 | 34.40 | 1.74 | 0.916 |
Depression | 34.53 | 7.71 |
| |||
Epilepsy | 33.87 | 2.60 | 0.916 | |||
Substance abuse | 32.17 | 3.10 |
| |||
Depression without antidepressants | 33.64 | 2.62 | 0.962 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 36.05 | 12.24 |
| |||
Epilepsy without AED | 34.00 | 1.45 | 0.995 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 33.81 | 2.99 | 1.000 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 31.97 | 3.32 |
| |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 33.13 | 1.75 | 0.975 | |||
| Apgar score at 1 min | Case group total | 8.63 | 1.38 | 8.79 | 1.37 | 0.765 |
Depression | 8.76 | 1.33 | 0.987 | |||
Epilepsy | 8.30 | 1.77 | 0.076 | |||
Substance abuse | 8.70 | 1.11 | 0.996 | |||
Depression without antidepressants | 8.88 | 1.17 | 0.820 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 8.57 | 1.57 | 0.895 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 8.77 | 0.83 | 1.000 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 8.07 | 2.06 |
| |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 8.63 | 1.17 | 1.000 | |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 9.00 | 0.82 | 0.998 | |||
| Apgar score at 5 min | Case group total | 9.40 | 1.01 | 9.50 | 1.03 | 0.940 |
Depression | 9.51 | 0.89 | 0.891 | |||
Epilepsy | 9.25 | 1.24 | 0.386 | |||
Substance abuse | 9.30 | 1.02 | 0.974 | |||
Depression without antidepressants | 9.58 | 0.84 | 0.725 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 9.40 | 0.97 | 0.989 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 9.46 | 0.66 | 1.000 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 9.15 | 1.43 | 0.413 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 9.21 | 1.08 | 0.976 | |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 9.75 | 0.50 | 0.985 | |||
| Apgar score at 10 min | Case group total | 9.68 | 0.69 | 9.75 | 0.78 | 0.796 |
Depression | 9.70 | 0.70 | 0.999 | |||
Epilepsy | 9.70 | 0.65 | 0.999 | |||
Substance abuse | 9.61 | 0.84 | 0.996 | |||
Depression without antidepressants | 9.74 | 0.72 | 0.997 | |||
Depression with antidepressants | 9.63 | 0.67 | 0.949 | |||
Epilepsy without AED | 9.85 | 0.38 | 0.995 | |||
Epilepsy with AED | 9.63 | 0.74 | 0.997 | |||
Substance abuse without substitution | 9.53 | 0.91 | 0.988 | |||
Substance abuse with substitution | 10.00 | 0.00 | 0.945 | |||
Abb. 1Flussdiagramm der Studienteilnehmerinnen und Verteilung in Untergruppen. AD = Antidepressiva, AED = Antiepileptika (engl.: Antiepileptic Drug), Subst. = Substitution.
Tab. 1 Häufigkeitsverteilungen der maternalen neuropsychiatrischen Diagnosen nach ICD 10 GM 2014 innerhalb der Fallgruppe.
| maternale neuropsychiatrische Diagnosen nach ICD 10 (GM 2014) | absolute Häufigkeit (n = 185) | relative Häufigkeit (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hauptgruppe | Untergruppe | ||
| I Depressionen (F31 – F33) | bipolare Störung und Angststörungen (F40, 41, 43) | 77 | 41,6 |
| II Epilepsie (G40) | 39 | 21,1 | |
| III Suchterkrankungen (F10, 11, 19) | 23 | 12,4 | |
| IV Weitere psychiatrische Erkrankungen (F60, 99, 20, 79, 50) | 18 | 9,7 | |
| davon: | Persönlichkeitsstörung vom Borderline-Typ (F60) | 6 | 3,2 |
nicht klassifizierte psychische Störung (F99) | 3 | 1,6 | |
Schizophrenie (F20) | 4 | 2,2 | |
mentale Retardierung (F79) | 3 | 1,6 | |
Anorexie (F50) | 2 | 1,1 | |
| V Weitere neurologische Erkrankungen (G35, 70, 50, 91, 81, 43, 25, 71, 25) | 28 | 15,1 | |
| davon: | multiple Sklerose (G35) | 12 | 6,5 |
Myasthenia gravis (G70) | 1 | 0,5 | |
Trigeminusneuralgie (G50) | 1 | 0,5 | |
Hydrocephalus (G91) | 3 | 1,6 | |
Hemiparese (G81) | 3 | 1,6 | |
Migräne (G43) | 4 | 2,2 | |
Restless-Leg-Syndrom (G25) | 2 | 1,1 | |
myotone Dystrophie (G71) | 1 | 0,5 | |
Tremor (G25) | 1 | 0,5 | |
Tab. 2 Überblick über die mütterlichen Ergebnisse Teil 1.
| Fallgruppen | Kontrollgruppe | Signifikanz (p-Wert)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MW | SD | MW | SD | |||
| MW = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung, AED = Antiepileptikum (engl.:Antiepileptic Drug) | ||||||
| Anzahl an anamnestischen Aborten | Fallgruppe gesamt | 0,33 | 0,69 | 0,24 | 0,60 |
|
Depression | 0,47 | 0,75 |
| |||
Epilepsie | 0,38 | 0,91 | 0,054 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 0 | 0 | 0,967 | |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 0,51 | 0,83 |
| |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 0,40 | 0,62 | 0,139 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 0,33 | 0,49 | 0,313 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 0,41 | 1,05 | 0,100 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 0 | 0 | 0,971 | |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 0 | 0 | 0,986 | |||
| Alter | Fallgruppe gesamt | 29,40 | 5,86 | 29,67 | 5,62 | 0,543 |
Depression | 31,23 | 4,93 |
| |||
Epilepsie | 28,87 | 6,29 | 0,765 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 24,83 | 5,89 |
| |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 31,34 | 5,29 | 0,222 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 31,07 | 4,38 | 0,675 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 27,25 | 6,12 | 0,589 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 29,59 | 6,34 | 1,000 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 24,11 | 5,88 |
| |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 28,25 | 5,32 | 0,997 | |||
| Anzahl an Vorsorgeuntersuchungen | Fallgruppe gesamt | 12,63 | 3,90 | 12,05 | 3,97 |
|
Depression | 13,75 | 3,94 |
| |||
Epilepsie | 11,45 | 3,29 | 0,323 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 10,70 | 3,64 | 0,198 | |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 14,06 | 3,57 |
| |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 13,21 | 4,51 | 0,112 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 11,67 | 2,67 | 0,831 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 11,35 | 3,59 | 0,294 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 10,41 | 3,73 | 0,145 | |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 12,33 | 3,21 | 0,888 | |||
Tab. 3 Überblick über die mütterlichen Ergebnisse Teil 2.
| Fallgruppe (%) | Kontrollgruppe (%) | Signifikanz (p-Wert)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| * Statistische Signifikanztestung mit χ 2 -Testung, Signifikanzniveau p < 0,05 | ||||
| Geburtsmodus | Spontanpartus | 53,4 | 64,8 |
|
primäre klassische Sectio caesarea | 18,3 | 11,9 | ||
sekundäre klassische Sectio caesarea | 14,7 | 12,6 | ||
andere Sectiones (Misgav-Ladach-Sectio, Resectiones) | 11,0 | 7,9 | ||
operativ-vaginale Entbindungsmodi (Forceps, Vakuumextraktion) | 2,6 | 2,9 | ||
Abb. 2Boxplot über den Abstand zum errechneten Geburtstermin von Kindern der Fall- und Kontrollgruppe. Y-Achse: Abstand zum errechneten Geburtstermin in Tagen, 0 = errechneter Entbindungstermin (40/0 SSW).
Tab. 4 Übersicht über die Ergebnisse kindlicher Parameter.
| Fallgruppen | Kontrollgruppen | Signifikanz (p-Wert)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MW | SD | MW | SD | |||
| MW = Mittelwert, SD = Standardabweichung, AED = Antiepileptikum (engl.:Antiepileptic Drug) | ||||||
| Abstand zum errechneten Geburtstermin in Tagen | Fallgruppe gesamt | − 14,84 | 22,55 | − 10,43 | 21,65 |
|
Depression | − 12,51 | 20,27 | 0,739 | |||
Epilepsie | − 12,20 | 18,75 | 0,830 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | − 16,77 | 24,70 | 0,155 | |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | − 13,84 | 19,78 | 0,971 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | − 10,30 | 21,22 | 0,996 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | − 11,00 | 12,56 | 1,000 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | − 12,78 | 21,29 | 0,841 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | − 17,61 | 27,06 | 0,293 | |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | − 13,00 | 9,90 | 0,998 | |||
| Geburtsgewicht in g | Fallgruppe gesamt | 3013,77 | 768,37 | 3162,96 | 780,09 | 0,378 |
Depression | 3120,75 | 680,52 | 0,993 | |||
Epilepsie | 3106,50 | 719,56 | 0,987 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 2738,48 | 857,73 |
| |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 3116,40 | 728,15 | 0,945 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 3128,00 | 604,67 | 0,977 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 2952,69 | 610,50 | 0,594 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 3180,56 | 766,23 | 0,987 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 2698,42 | 870,44 |
| |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 2928,75 | 889,22 | 0,984 | |||
| Geburtslänge in cm | Fallgruppe gesamt | 49,26 | 4,58 | 50,85 | 2,95 |
|
Depression | 49,93 | 3,71 | 0,997 | |||
Epilepsie | 50,00 | 3,93 | 0,940 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 47,70 | 4,98 |
| |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 50,06 | 3,87 | 0,950 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 49,71 | 3,45 | 0,635 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 50,25 | 2,56 | 0,997 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 49,89 | 4,45 | 1,000 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 47,42 | 5,25 |
| |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 49,00 | 3,65 | 0,979 | |||
| Kopfumfang in cm | Fallgruppe gesamt | 33,75 | 5,54 | 34,40 | 1,74 | 0,916 |
Depression | 34,53 | 7,71 |
| |||
Epilepsie | 33,87 | 2,60 | 0,916 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 32,17 | 3,10 |
| |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 33,64 | 2,62 | 0,962 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 36,05 | 12,24 |
| |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 34,00 | 1,45 | 0,995 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 33,81 | 2,99 | 1,000 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 31,97 | 3,32 |
| |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 33,13 | 1,75 | 0,975 | |||
| APGAR-Wert nach 1 min | Fallgruppe gesamt | 8,63 | 1,38 | 8,79 | 1,37 | 0,765 |
Depression | 8,76 | 1,33 | 0,987 | |||
Epilepsie | 8,30 | 1,77 | 0,076 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 8,70 | 1,11 | 0,996 | |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 8,88 | 1,17 | 0,820 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 8,57 | 1,57 | 0,895 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 8,77 | 0,83 | 1,000 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 8,07 | 2,06 |
| |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 8,63 | 1,17 | 1,000 | |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 9,00 | 0,82 | 0,998 | |||
| APGAR-Wert nach 5 min | Fallgruppe gesamt | 9,40 | 1,01 | 9,50 | 1,03 | 0,940 |
Depression | 9,51 | 0,89 | 0,891 | |||
Epilepsie | 9,25 | 1,24 | 0,386 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 9,30 | 1,02 | 0,974 | |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 9,58 | 0,84 | 0,725 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 9,40 | 0,97 | 0,989 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 9,46 | 0,66 | 1,000 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 9,15 | 1,43 | 0,413 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 9,21 | 1,08 | 0,976 | |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 9,75 | 0,50 | 0,985 | |||
| APGAR-Wert nach 10 min | Fallgruppe gesamt | 9,68 | 0,69 | 9,75 | 0,78 | 0,796 |
Depression | 9,70 | 0,70 | 0,999 | |||
Epilepsie | 9,70 | 0,65 | 0,999 | |||
Suchterkrankungen | 9,61 | 0,84 | 0,996 | |||
Depression ohne Antidepressivatherapie | 9,74 | 0,72 | 0,997 | |||
Depression mit Antidepressivatherapie | 9,63 | 0,67 | 0,949 | |||
Epilepsie ohne AED | 9,85 | 0,38 | 0,995 | |||
Epilepsie mit AED | 9,63 | 0,74 | 0,997 | |||
Suchterkrankungen ohne Substitution | 9,53 | 0,91 | 0,988 | |||
Suchterkrankungen mit Substitution | 10,00 | 0,00 | 0,945 | |||