Fan Li1, Liying Ma1, Yi Feng1, Yuhua Ruan1, Jing Hu1, Hongshuo Song1, Pengtao Liu1, Jun Ma2, Baolin Rui3, Kate Kerpen4, Benjamin Scheinfeld4, Tuhina Srivastava4, David Metzger4,5, Hui Li4, Katharine J Bar4, Yiming Shao1,6,7. 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing. 2. Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 3. Urumqi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China. 4. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. 5. The Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 6. Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, Beijing. 7. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: For both HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV), assessing the stringency of the transmission process is a scientific priority. Enumerations of transmitted/founder (TF) viruses have shown a strict transmission bottleneck in sexual transmission of HIV-1 and a wide range in the multiplicity of infection in HCV. Here, we aim to determine the stringency of parenteral transmission for HIV-1 and HCV in people who inject drugs (PWID). DESIGN: We used molecular sequencing and several complementary analyses to enumerate the TF HIV-1 and HCV variants in a well described cohort of PWID in Xinjiang, China. METHODS: We performed single genome sequencing of HIV-1 env and 5' half HCV genomes, then applied phylogenetic analysis and validated models of early virus diversification to enumerate TF viruses in 60 PWID. We used multivariate analysis to determine correlates of multivariant transmission (MVT). RESULTS: We generated 1070 env region sequences from 33 HIV-1 early infected individuals and 773 5' half region sequences from 27 HCV early infected individuals. We found rates of MVT of 39 and 54%, respectively, for HIV-1 and HCV, with a limited range in the number of TF viruses in both infections. Behavioural characteristics suggested high-risk injection practices and lower risk sexual practices; we did not find an association between any specific behaviours and MVT. CONCLUSION: MVT is frequent in parenteral transmission of both HIV-1 and HCV in Xinjiang PWID, indicating a less stringent transmission process than sexual transmission.
OBJECTIVES: For both HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV), assessing the stringency of the transmission process is a scientific priority. Enumerations of transmitted/founder (TF) viruses have shown a strict transmission bottleneck in sexual transmission of HIV-1 and a wide range in the multiplicity of infection in HCV. Here, we aim to determine the stringency of parenteral transmission for HIV-1 and HCV in people who inject drugs (PWID). DESIGN: We used molecular sequencing and several complementary analyses to enumerate the TF HIV-1 and HCV variants in a well described cohort of PWID in Xinjiang, China. METHODS: We performed single genome sequencing of HIV-1env and 5' half HCV genomes, then applied phylogenetic analysis and validated models of early virus diversification to enumerate TF viruses in 60 PWID. We used multivariate analysis to determine correlates of multivariant transmission (MVT). RESULTS: We generated 1070 env region sequences from 33 HIV-1 early infected individuals and 773 5' half region sequences from 27 HCV early infected individuals. We found rates of MVT of 39 and 54%, respectively, for HIV-1 and HCV, with a limited range in the number of TF viruses in both infections. Behavioural characteristics suggested high-risk injection practices and lower risk sexual practices; we did not find an association between any specific behaviours and MVT. CONCLUSION: MVT is frequent in parenteral transmission of both HIV-1 and HCV in Xinjiang PWID, indicating a less stringent transmission process than sexual transmission.
Authors: Katharine J Bar; Hui Li; Annie Chamberland; Cecile Tremblay; Jean Pierre Routy; Truman Grayson; Chuanxi Sun; Shuyi Wang; Gerald H Learn; Charity J Morgan; Joseph E Schumacher; Barton F Haynes; Brandon F Keele; Beatrice H Hahn; George M Shaw Journal: J Virol Date: 2010-04-07 Impact factor: 5.103
Authors: Jesus F Salazar-Gonzalez; Elizabeth Bailes; Kimmy T Pham; Maria G Salazar; M Brad Guffey; Brandon F Keele; Cynthia A Derdeyn; Paul Farmer; Eric Hunter; Susan Allen; Olivier Manigart; Joseph Mulenga; Jeffrey A Anderson; Ronald Swanstrom; Barton F Haynes; Gayathri S Athreya; Bette T M Korber; Paul M Sharp; George M Shaw; Beatrice H Hahn Journal: J Virol Date: 2008-02-06 Impact factor: 5.103
Authors: Jesus F Salazar-Gonzalez; Maria G Salazar; Brandon F Keele; Gerald H Learn; Elena E Giorgi; Hui Li; Julie M Decker; Shuyi Wang; Joshua Baalwa; Matthias H Kraus; Nicholas F Parrish; Katharina S Shaw; M Brad Guffey; Katharine J Bar; Katie L Davis; Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor; John C Kappes; Michael S Saag; Myron S Cohen; Joseph Mulenga; Cynthia A Derdeyn; Susan Allen; Eric Hunter; Martin Markowitz; Peter Hraber; Alan S Perelson; Tanmoy Bhattacharya; Barton F Haynes; Bette T Korber; Beatrice H Hahn; George M Shaw Journal: J Exp Med Date: 2009-06-01 Impact factor: 14.307
Authors: Morgane Rolland; Paul T Edlefsen; Brendan B Larsen; Sodsai Tovanabutra; Eric Sanders-Buell; Tomer Hertz; Allan C deCamp; Chris Carrico; Sergey Menis; Craig A Magaret; Hasan Ahmed; Michal Juraska; Lennie Chen; Philip Konopa; Snehal Nariya; Julia N Stoddard; Kim Wong; Hong Zhao; Wenjie Deng; Brandon S Maust; Meera Bose; Shana Howell; Adam Bates; Michelle Lazzaro; Annemarie O'Sullivan; Esther Lei; Andrea Bradfield; Grace Ibitamuno; Vatcharain Assawadarachai; Robert J O'Connell; Mark S deSouza; Sorachai Nitayaphan; Supachai Rerks-Ngarm; Merlin L Robb; Jason S McLellan; Ivelin Georgiev; Peter D Kwong; Jonathan M Carlson; Nelson L Michael; William R Schief; Peter B Gilbert; James I Mullins; Jerome H Kim Journal: Nature Date: 2012-09-10 Impact factor: 49.962