PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews recent literature on the nature of extracellular vesicles released by allogeneic transplants and examine their role in T-cell alloimmunity involved in rejection and tolerance of these grafts. RECENT FINDINGS: Donor cells release extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, after transplantation of allogeneic organs and tissues. Consequently, recipient APCs take up these exosomes and present donor MHC antigens on their surface (allo-MHC cross-dressing) thus, activating some alloreactive T cells via a mechanism called semi-direct pathway of allorecognition. In addition, one study shows that exosomes carrying noninherited maternal antigens are associated with maternal microchimerism and tolerance in offspring. Finally, a few studies describe potential utilization of exosomes as modulators of alloimmunity and biomarkers of rejection in allotransplantation. SUMMARY: Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, released by allografts contribute to recognition of donor antigens by T cells after allotransplantation. This occurs through cross-dressing of recipient APCs with donor MHC antigens and subsequent activation of T cells, a process called semi-direct alloreactivity. The relevance of this phenomenon in rejection and tolerance of allografts and the potential utilization of exosomes as biomarkers in transplantation are discussed.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews recent literature on the nature of extracellular vesicles released by allogeneic transplants and examine their role in T-cell alloimmunity involved in rejection and tolerance of these grafts. RECENT FINDINGS:Donor cells release extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, after transplantation of allogeneic organs and tissues. Consequently, recipient APCs take up these exosomes and present donorMHC antigens on their surface (allo-MHC cross-dressing) thus, activating some alloreactive T cells via a mechanism called semi-direct pathway of allorecognition. In addition, one study shows that exosomes carrying noninherited maternal antigens are associated with maternal microchimerism and tolerance in offspring. Finally, a few studies describe potential utilization of exosomes as modulators of alloimmunity and biomarkers of rejection in allotransplantation. SUMMARY: Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, released by allografts contribute to recognition of donor antigens by T cells after allotransplantation. This occurs through cross-dressing of recipient APCs with donorMHC antigens and subsequent activation of T cells, a process called semi-direct alloreactivity. The relevance of this phenomenon in rejection and tolerance of allografts and the potential utilization of exosomes as biomarkers in transplantation are discussed.
Authors: R S Lee; K Yamada; S L Houser; K L Womer; M E Maloney; H S Rose; M H Sayegh; J C Madsen Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2001-03-13 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: S I Reznik; A Jaramillo; K S SivaSai; K L Womer; M H Sayegh; E P Trulock; G A Patterson; T Mohanakumar Journal: Am J Transplant Date: 2001-09 Impact factor: 8.086
Authors: Catherine C Matte; Jinli Liu; James Cormier; Britt E Anderson; Ioanna Athanasiadis; Dhanpat Jain; Jennifer McNiff; Warren D Shlomchik Journal: Nat Med Date: 2004-08-01 Impact factor: 53.440
Authors: Tik Shing Cheung; Giuliana Minani Bertolino; Chiara Giacomini; Martin Bornhäuser; Francesco Dazzi; Antonio Galleu Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2020-06-25 Impact factor: 7.561