Role of Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer.

Immune system dysfunction plays a role in both the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), highlighting the potential role for immunotherapy to improve outcomes in this disease. The application of anti-PD-1 therapies for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC has found promising results. This has led to interest in combining immunotherapy with radiation therapy (RT) for the primary treatment of locally advanced HNSCC. RT with concurrent cetuximab is an option for patients who are medically unfit to receive cisplatin, and ongoing trials seek to determine to role of cetuximab-RT in treatment de-intensification for HPV+ oropharyngeal HNSCC. Other ongoing trials are evaluating the use of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies in the upfront setting for newly diagnosed high-risk, locally advanced HNSCC, in an effort to improve disease control. Finally, early phase I studies are now investigating the use of anti-PD-1 therapy in conjunction with RT for refractory recurrent or metastatic HNSCC.