Tuulia Varanka-Ruuska1,2, Nina Rautio3,4, Heli Lehtiniemi3, Jouko Miettunen3,5, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi3,4,5,6, Sylvain Sebert3,7,8, Leena Ala-Mursula3. 1. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. tuulia.varanka-ruuska@oulu.fi. 2. Kallio Primary Health Care Unit, Kirkkotie 4, 84100, Ylivieska, Finland. tuulia.varanka-ruuska@oulu.fi. 3. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. 4. Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland. 5. Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. 6. Health Center of Oulu, P.O. Box 27, 90015, Oulu, Finland. 7. Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. 8. Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Unemployment has been linked with poor health. We hypothesized that being unemployed is associated with disorders of glucose metabolism and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to ascertain the relationship. METHODS: We searched the databases of Scopus, Medline Ovid and Web of Science for population-based original studies for past 20 years. Random effects meta-analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes among the unemployed as compared to those employed, separately for men and women when possible. RESULTS: Out of 981 articles found, 12 articles were included in the systematic review and eight articles in the meta-analyses. Unemployment was associated with 1.6-fold odds for prediabetes (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.07-2.35), and 1.7-fold odds for type 2 diabetes (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.14-2.58) in the total sample. The corresponding associations for type 2 diabetes were also found stratified for men (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.47-1.60) and women (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.33-1.92). CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment is associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, global concerns of public health with potential for prevention.
OBJECTIVES: Unemployment has been linked with poor health. We hypothesized that being unemployed is associated with disorders of glucose metabolism and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to ascertain the relationship. METHODS: We searched the databases of Scopus, Medline Ovid and Web of Science for population-based original studies for past 20 years. Random effects meta-analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes among the unemployed as compared to those employed, separately for men and women when possible. RESULTS: Out of 981 articles found, 12 articles were included in the systematic review and eight articles in the meta-analyses. Unemployment was associated with 1.6-fold odds for prediabetes (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.07-2.35), and 1.7-fold odds for type 2 diabetes (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.14-2.58) in the total sample. The corresponding associations for type 2 diabetes were also found stratified for men (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.47-1.60) and women (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.33-1.92). CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment is associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, global concerns of public health with potential for prevention.
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