D Adamo1, A Sardella2, E Varoni2, C Lajolo3, M Biasotto4, G Ottaviani4, P Vescovi5, T Simonazzi5, M Pentenero6, M Ardore6, F Spadari7, G Bombeccari7, L Montebugnoli8, D B Gissi8, G Campisi9, V Panzarella9, M Carbone10, L Valpreda10, M Giuliani11, M Aria12, L Lo Muzio11, M D Mignogna1. 1. Oral Medicine Complex Unit, Head & Neck Clinical Section, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy. 2. Unit of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Gerodontology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, AO San Paolo Hospital of Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. 3. Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy. 4. Oral Medicine and Pathology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. 5. Unit of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Laser Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. 6. Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. 7. Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Milan, Italy. 8. Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 9. Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Oral Sciences, Sector of Oral Medicine "Valerio Margiotta", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. 10. Oral Medicine Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, CIR Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. 11. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. 12. Laboratory and Research Group STAD Statistics, Technology, Data Analysis Department of Economics and Statistics, "Federico II University of Naples", Naples, Italy.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the quality of sleep and the psychological profiles of a large cohort of Italian patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to clarify the relationships between these variables and pain. METHODS: In this case-control study, 200 patients with BMS vs an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls, recruited in 10 universities, were enrolled. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NRS) and Total Pain Rating Index (T-PRI) were administered. Descriptive statistics, including the Mann-Whitney U test and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis, were used. RESULTS: Poor sleep quality (PSQI ≥ 5) was present in 78.8% (160) patients with BMS. BMS patients had statistically higher scores in all items of the PSQI and ESS than the healthy controls (p < .001). A depressed mood and anxiety correlated positively with sleep disturbance. The Pearson correlations were 0.570 for the PSQI vs HAM-D (p < .001) and 0.549 for the PSQI vs HAM-A (p < .001). Pain intensity (NRS) poorly correlated to sleep quality; the Pearson correlation was 0.162 for the PSQI vs NRS (p = .021). CONCLUSIONS: The BMS patients showed a poor sleep quality, anxiety and depression, as compared with the controls, highlighting the relationships between oral burning, sleep and mood.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the quality of sleep and the psychological profiles of a large cohort of Italian patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to clarify the relationships between these variables and pain. METHODS: In this case-control study, 200 patients with BMS vs an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls, recruited in 10 universities, were enrolled. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NRS) and Total Pain Rating Index (T-PRI) were administered. Descriptive statistics, including the Mann-Whitney U test and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis, were used. RESULTS: Poor sleep quality (PSQI ≥ 5) was present in 78.8% (160) patients with BMS. BMS patients had statistically higher scores in all items of the PSQI and ESS than the healthy controls (p < .001). A depressed mood and anxiety correlated positively with sleep disturbance. The Pearson correlations were 0.570 for the PSQI vs HAM-D (p < .001) and 0.549 for the PSQI vs HAM-A (p < .001). Pain intensity (NRS) poorly correlated to sleep quality; the Pearson correlation was 0.162 for the PSQI vs NRS (p = .021). CONCLUSIONS: The BMS patients showed a poor sleep quality, anxiety and depression, as compared with the controls, highlighting the relationships between oral burning, sleep and mood.