N Kaseva1, M Vääräsmäki1,2, H-M Matinolli1,3, M Sipola-Leppänen1,2,3, M Tikanmäki1,3, K Heinonen4, A Lano5, D Wolke6, S Andersson5, M-R Järvelin3,7, K Räikkönen4, J G Eriksson1,8,9, E Kajantie1,2,5. 1. Department of Health, Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland. 2. PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 3. Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 4. Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 5. Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 6. Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK. 7. Imperial College, London, UK. 8. Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 9. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Global prevalence of overweight/obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) is increasing. In pregnant women both conditions affect offspring's later health. Overweight/obesity is a risk factor of GDM; to what extent maternal overweight/obesity explains long-term effects of GDM in offspring is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (body mass index (BMI) ⩾25 kg m-2) and GDM, occurring together or separately, on body composition among adult offspring. METHODS: Participants include 891 individuals aged 24.1 years (s.d. 1.4) from two longitudinal cohort studies (ESTER and AYLS). Adult offspring of normoglycemic mothers with overweight/obesity (ONOO, n=153), offspring of mothers with GDM (OGDM; n=191) and controls (n=547) underwent anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance analysis. Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test. Data were analyzed by linear regression models adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Compared with controls, ONOO-participants showed higher BMI (men 1.64 kg m-2 (95% confidence interval 0.57, 2.72); women 1.41 kg m-2 (0.20, 2.63)) and fat percentage (men 2.70% (0.99, 4.41); women 2.98% (0.87, 5.09)) with larger waist circumferences (men 3.34 cm (0.68, 5.99); women 3.09 cm (0.35, 5.83)). Likewise, OGDM-participants showed higher fat percentage (men 1.97% (0.32, 3.61); women 2.32% (0.24, 4.41)). Body mass index was non-significantly different between OGDM-participants and controls (men 0.88 kg m-2 (-0.17, 1.92); women 0.82 kg m-2 (-0.39, 2.04)). Also waist circumferences were larger (men 2.63 cm (-0.01, 5.28); women 3.39 cm (0.60, 6.18)); this difference was statistically significant in OGDM-women only. Differences in body composition measures were stronger among offspring of women with both GDM and overweight/obesity. For instance, fat mass was higher among OGDM-participants of overweight mothers (men 4.24 kg (1.36, 7.11) vs controls; women 5.22 kg (1.33, 9.11)) than OGDM participants of normal weight mothers (men 1.50 kg (-2.11, 5.11) higher vs controls; women 1.57 kg (-3.27, 6.42)). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and GDM are associated with unhealthy body size and composition in offspring over 20 years later. Effects of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight appear more pronounced.
BACKGROUND: Global prevalence of overweight/obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) is increasing. In pregnant women both conditions affect offspring's later health. Overweight/obesity is a risk factor of GDM; to what extent maternal overweight/obesity explains long-term effects of GDM in offspring is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (body mass index (BMI) ⩾25 kg m-2) and GDM, occurring together or separately, on body composition among adult offspring. METHODS:Participants include 891 individuals aged 24.1 years (s.d. 1.4) from two longitudinal cohort studies (ESTER and AYLS). Adult offspring of normoglycemic mothers with overweight/obesity (ONOO, n=153), offspring of mothers with GDM (OGDM; n=191) and controls (n=547) underwent anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance analysis. Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test. Data were analyzed by linear regression models adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Compared with controls, ONOO-participants showed higher BMI (men 1.64 kg m-2 (95% confidence interval 0.57, 2.72); women 1.41 kg m-2 (0.20, 2.63)) and fat percentage (men 2.70% (0.99, 4.41); women 2.98% (0.87, 5.09)) with larger waist circumferences (men 3.34 cm (0.68, 5.99); women 3.09 cm (0.35, 5.83)). Likewise, OGDM-participants showed higher fat percentage (men 1.97% (0.32, 3.61); women 2.32% (0.24, 4.41)). Body mass index was non-significantly different between OGDM-participants and controls (men 0.88 kg m-2 (-0.17, 1.92); women 0.82 kg m-2 (-0.39, 2.04)). Also waist circumferences were larger (men 2.63 cm (-0.01, 5.28); women 3.39 cm (0.60, 6.18)); this difference was statistically significant in OGDM-women only. Differences in body composition measures were stronger among offspring of women with both GDM and overweight/obesity. For instance, fat mass was higher among OGDM-participants of overweight mothers (men 4.24 kg (1.36, 7.11) vs controls; women 5.22 kg (1.33, 9.11)) than OGDM participants of normal weight mothers (men 1.50 kg (-2.11, 5.11) higher vs controls; women 1.57 kg (-3.27, 6.42)). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and GDM are associated with unhealthy body size and composition in offspring over 20 years later. Effects of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight appear more pronounced.
Authors: Anne P Starling; John T Brinton; Deborah H Glueck; Allison L Shapiro; Curtis S Harrod; Anne M Lynch; Anna Maria Siega-Riz; Dana Dabelea Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2014-12-03 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Mette Tanvig; Christina A Vinter; Jan S Jørgensen; Sonja Wehberg; Per G Ovesen; Ronald F Lamont; Henning Beck-Nielsen; Henrik T Christesen; Dorte M Jensen Journal: PLoS One Date: 2014-02-24 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Isabelle Schoppa; Asya Lyass; Nancy Heard-Costa; Sarah D de Ferranti; Caroline Fox; Matthew W Gillman; Ralph D'Agostino; Daniel Levy; Michael M Mendelson Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring) Date: 2018-11-25 Impact factor: 5.002
Authors: Katherine A Sauder; Traci A Bekelman; Kylie K Harrall; Deborah H Glueck; Dana Dabelea Journal: Pediatr Obes Date: 2019-07-05 Impact factor: 4.000
Authors: Jose Casasnovas; Christopher Luke Damron; James Jarrell; Kara S Orr; Robert N Bone; Stephanie Archer-Hartmann; Parastoo Azadi; Kok Lim Kua Journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Date: 2021-05-24 Impact factor: 5.555
Authors: Zunsong Hu; Frances A Tylavsky; Mehmet Kocak; Jay H Fowke; Joan C Han; Robert L Davis; Kaja Z LeWinn; Nicole R Bush; Sheela Sathyanarayana; Catherine J Karr; Qi Zhao Journal: Nutrients Date: 2020-02-13 Impact factor: 6.706