K D Oliveira1, G P Fraga2, E C E Baracat3, A M Morcillo3, R Lanaro4, J L Costa5, E M Capitani6, F Bucaretchi3, A I Ferreira Filho7, V C Gimenes7, R C S de Azevedo8. 1. Division of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. karina.dinizoliveira@gmail.com. 2. Division of Trauma Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 3. Division of Pediatry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 4. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Poison Control Center, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 5. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 6. Division of Medical Clinic, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 7. School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 8. Division of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The abuse of cocaine and its derivatives presents a likely risk factor for injury. Trauma incurred by cocaine and derivative abusers may be more severe than that incurred by non-users. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the presence of cocaine and its derivatives in trauma patients and to correlate RTS (Revised Trauma Score) and ISS (Injury Severity Score) with the presence of cocaine and its derivatives in blood and urine samples. METHODS: All trauma victims treated in an emergency unit between November 11, 2012 and September 15, 2013 were included in the study. Blood and urine samples were collected on admission to hospital. RTS and ISS scores were then compared with the presence or absence of cocaine and its derivatives in the samples. The associations between RTS < 7.84 and ISS > 16 and the independent variables were evaluated by the gross odds ratio values, determined by univariate logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 453 patients (83.7% male) included in the study, 28.6% presented ISS > 16 and 33.6% presented RTS < 7.84. A total of 435 samples were collected, and 86 (19.8%) provided positive samples for cocaine, 48 (11%) for crack and 69 (15.9%) for cocaethylene. Compared to other patients, drug users showed a greater probability of RTS < 7.84 (2.18 times greater) and a greater probability of ISS > 16 (1.76 times greater). CONCLUSION: For the trauma patients included in our study, the use of cocaine and its derivatives was shown to be associated with more severe traumas, as demonstrated by their RTS and ISS scores.
PURPOSE: The abuse of cocaine and its derivatives presents a likely risk factor for injury. Trauma incurred by cocaine and derivative abusers may be more severe than that incurred by non-users. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the presence of cocaine and its derivatives in traumapatients and to correlate RTS (Revised Trauma Score) and ISS (Injury Severity Score) with the presence of cocaine and its derivatives in blood and urine samples. METHODS: All trauma victims treated in an emergency unit between November 11, 2012 and September 15, 2013 were included in the study. Blood and urine samples were collected on admission to hospital. RTS and ISS scores were then compared with the presence or absence of cocaine and its derivatives in the samples. The associations between RTS < 7.84 and ISS > 16 and the independent variables were evaluated by the gross odds ratio values, determined by univariate logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 453 patients (83.7% male) included in the study, 28.6% presented ISS > 16 and 33.6% presented RTS < 7.84. A total of 435 samples were collected, and 86 (19.8%) provided positive samples for cocaine, 48 (11%) for crack and 69 (15.9%) for cocaethylene. Compared to other patients, drug users showed a greater probability of RTS < 7.84 (2.18 times greater) and a greater probability of ISS > 16 (1.76 times greater). CONCLUSION: For the traumapatients included in our study, the use of cocaine and its derivatives was shown to be associated with more severe traumas, as demonstrated by their RTS and ISS scores.
Authors: Michael R Fettiplace; Adrian Pichurko; Richard Ripper; Bocheng Lin; Katarzyna Kowal; Kinga Lis; David Schwartz; Douglas L Feinstein; Israel Rubinstein; Guy Weinberg Journal: Acad Emerg Med Date: 2015-04-23 Impact factor: 3.451
Authors: Markus Figl; Linda E Pelinka; Patrick Weninger; Christoph Walchetseder; Walter Mauritz; Harald Hertz; Albert Kroepfl; Robert Schmidhammer; Walter Buchinger; Heinz Redl Journal: Arch Orthop Trauma Surg Date: 2009-11-07 Impact factor: 3.067
Authors: Pantelis Hadjizacharia; Donald J Green; David Plurad; Linda S Chan; Jennifer Law; Kenji Inaba; Demetrios Demetriades Journal: J Trauma Date: 2009-02
Authors: S Cordovilla-Guardia; F Guerrero-López; A Maldonado; R Vilar-López; J M Salmerón; I Romero; S Pose; E Fernández-Modéjar Journal: Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg Date: 2014-02-15 Impact factor: 3.693