Anna Oleszkiewicz1,2, Sandra Hanf1, Katie L Whitcroft1,3,4, Antje Haehner1, Thomas Hummel1. 1. Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany. 2. Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland. 3. UCL Ear Institute, London, United Kingdom. 4. Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although the effectiveness of olfactory training (OT) had already been documented, the optimal regimen for such training remains unexplored. We examined whether the complexity of OT, namely alteration of odor quantity and quality, increases its effectiveness. DESIGN:One-hundred eight patients (Mage = 60.1 ± 1) with postinfectious (n = 57) or idiopathic (n = 51) olfactory dysfunction underwent OT preceded and followed by examination of olfactory function. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions: 1) simple training comprising four basic, single-molecule substances; 2) complex training involving four odor mixtures; and 3) odor-altering training in which patients changed sets of mixtures every 2 months. RESULTS: The analysis of variance revealed that the benefit seen in this sample was not affected by the complexity of OT with regard to odor mixtures or alteration of odor type. The highest increase of the Sniffin' Sticks (Burghardt GmbH; Wedel, Germany) threshold, discrimination, and identification (andoverall TDI) score was observed in postinfectious patients. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the outcomes of OT are not strongly influenced by the training regimen. However, further investigation of OT regimens is required, particularly with regard to training duration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1518-1522, 2018.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE: Although the effectiveness of olfactory training (OT) had already been documented, the optimal regimen for such training remains unexplored. We examined whether the complexity of OT, namely alteration of odor quantity and quality, increases its effectiveness. DESIGN: One-hundred eight patients (Mage = 60.1 ± 1) with postinfectious (n = 57) or idiopathic (n = 51) olfactory dysfunction underwent OT preceded and followed by examination of olfactory function. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions: 1) simple training comprising four basic, single-molecule substances; 2) complex training involving four odor mixtures; and 3) odor-altering training in which patients changed sets of mixtures every 2 months. RESULTS: The analysis of variance revealed that the benefit seen in this sample was not affected by the complexity of OT with regard to odor mixtures or alteration of odor type. The highest increase of the Sniffin' Sticks (Burghardt GmbH; Wedel, Germany) threshold, discrimination, and identification (and overall TDI) score was observed in postinfectious patients. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the outcomes of OT are not strongly influenced by the training regimen. However, further investigation of OT regimens is required, particularly with regard to training duration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1518-1522, 2018.
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