The Use of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are associated with abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism, known as CKD-bone mineral disorder. CKD and ESRD cause skeletal abnormalities characterized by hyperparathyroidism, mixed uremic osteodystrophy, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disease, and frequently enhanced vascular and ectopic calcification. Hyperparathyroidism and mixed uremic osteodystrophy are the most common manifestations due to phosphate retention, reduced concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, intestinal calcium absorption, and negative calcium balance. Treatment with 1-hydroxylated vitamin D analogues is useful.