Testing feasibility of an accurate microscopic assessment of macrovesicular steatosis in liver allograft biopsies by smartphone add-on lenses.

Light microscopy is an essential tool in histological examination of tissue samples. However, the required equipment for a correct and rapid diagnosis is sometimes unavailable. Smartphones and mobile phone networks are widespread, and could be used for diagnostic imaging and telemedicine. Macrovesicular steatosis (MS) is a major risk factor for liver graft failure, and is only assessable by microscopic examination of a frozen tissue section. The aim of this study was to compare the microscopic assessment of MS in liver allograft biopsies by a smartphone with eyepiece adaptor (BLIPS device) to standard light microscopy. Forty liver graft biopsies were evaluated in transmitted light, using an Iphone 5s and 4 different mini-objective, add-on lenses. A significant correlation was reported between the two different approaches for graft MS assessment (Spearman's correlation coefficient: rs  = 0.946; p < .001). Smartphone with eyepiece adaptor had similar discriminatory power to identify MS in liver grafts than standard light microscopy. Based on these findings, a smartphone integrated with a low-cost eyepiece adaptor can achieve adequate accuracy in the assessment of MS in liver graft, and could be used as an alternative to standard light microscope when unavailable.