Complete kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the unisite catalytic pathway of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Comparison with mitochondrial F1-ATPase and application to the study of mutant enzymes.

A complete analysis is presented of the component rate constants of the "unisite" reaction pathway in normal Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Gibbs free energy profiles of the unisite reaction pathway were constructed for both normal E. coli F1 and bovine-heart mitochondrial F1, and comparison indicated that E. coli F1 is an ancestral form of the mitochondrial enzyme. Similar kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of the unisite reaction pathway were done for mutant beta-Asn-242 and beta-Val-242 E. coli F1-ATPases. Both mutations affected unisite binding and hydrolysis of MgATP but had little effect on release of products or binding of MgADP. It was apparent that a primary effect of the mutations was on the interaction between the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain and the substrate MgATP. The catalytic transition state [F1-ATP]++ was the most destabilized step in the reaction sequence. Measurements of delta delta G[F1.ATP]++ and linear free energy plots for the catalytic step were consistent with the view that, in normal enzyme, residue beta-Asp-242 accepts an H-bond from the transition-state substrate in order to facilitate catalysis. Both mutations impaired positive catalytic cooperativity. This was caused by energetic destabilization of the catalytic transition state and was an indirect effect, not a direct effect on signal transmission per se between catalytic nucleotide-binding domains on beta-subunits. Therefore, impairment of unisite catalysis and of positive catalytic cooperativity appeared to be linked. This may provide a unifying explanation as to why a series of other, widely separated mis-sense mutations within the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain on F1-beta-subunit, which have been reported to affect unisite catalysis, also impair positive catalytic cooperativity. Linear free energy plots for the ATP-binding step of unisite catalysis demonstrated that beta-Asn-242 and beta-Val-242 mutant enzymes did not suffer any gross disruptive change in structure of the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain, reinforcing the view that impairment of catalysis was due to a localized effect. Such analyses confirmed that six other F1-beta-subunit mutants, previously generated and characterized in this laboratory and thought to have inhibitory side-chain substitutions in the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain, are also devoid of gross structural disruption.