Gypmacrophin A, a Rare Pentacyclic Sesterterpenoid, Together with Three Depsides, Functioned as New Chemical Evidence for Gypsoplaca macrophylla (Zahlbr.) Timdal Identification.

The phytochemical investigation on 1 g of materials from Gypsoplacamacrophylla (Zahlbr.) Timdal resulted in the discovery of gypmacrophin A, a rare pentacyclic sesterterpenoid; brialmontin III, a new polysubstituted depside and two known ones, brialmontins I and II. The structure and absolute configurations of gypmacrophin A were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. Gypmacrophin A showed weak inhibition of AchE with an IC50 value of 32.03 μM. The four compounds provided new chemical evidence for G. macrophylla identification.

1. Introduction

Sesterterpenoids, a class of terpenoids assembled from five isoprene units, are a relatively small group of terpenoids distributed in plants, lichens, endophytic fungi, and marine organisms. These molecules were found to exhibit versatile biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory [1], anticancer [2], antimicrobial [3], antitubercular [4], and anti-biofilm activities [5]. Furthermore, the structural complexity of sesterterpenoids have made them attractive to synthetic and biomedical purposes [6]. Among the previously reported sesterterpenoids, those with pentacyclic carbon scaffold were the rarest, yet possessed the most complicated architectures [7,8], including those originating from gene mining and heterologous expression [9,10].

Lichens are symbiotic organisms resulting from an association between mycobionts (fungus) and photobionts (green alga or cyanobacteria) [11], which led to production of a large quantity of fascinating secondary metabolites. Lichens in one genus or family often share similar specific metabolites. Secondary metabolites in lichens carry valuable information on phylogenetic relationships [12] that they are often reported along with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences when publishing new lichen species [13,14]. As for Gypsoplaca macrophylla, a single species in the genus Gypsoplaca and Gypsoplacaceae family, no distinctive components have been reported, including the claimed triterpenoids [15], since the species was first published in 1930 [16]. Hence, there was no valuable chemical evidence to help lichenologists to authenticate them. The present investigation on 1 g of materials from G. macrophylla resulted in the discovery of gypmacrophin A, a rare pentacyclic sesterterpenoid; brialmontin III, a new polysubstituted depside, and two known depsides, brialmontins I and II (Figure 1). The structure and absolute configurations of gypmacrophin A were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. These four compounds provided new chemical evidence for G. macrophylla identification.

Figure 1

Structure of gypmacrophin A (1) and brialmontins I-III (2–4).

2. Results and Discussion

Gypmacrophin A (1) was obtained as a white amorphous powder, +20.8 (c 0.2, MeOH). The molecular formula of 1 was established as C29H46O5 from its high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) (m/z 497.3238 [M + Na]+, calcd. for C29H46NaO5: 497.3237), indicating seven degrees of unsaturation. The 1H-NMR (Table 1) of 1 exhibited signals for three secondary methyl groups at δH 0.83 (3H, d, J = 7.4, Me-19), 0.85 (3H, d, J = 7.3, Me-24), and 0.86 (3H, d, J = 7.3, Me-25), and resonated five tertiary methyls at δH 0.92 (3H, s, Me-22), 1.03 (3H, s, Me-21), 1.07 (3H, s, Me-20), 1.90 (3H, s, AcO-18), and 1.93 (3H, s, AcO-13). In the lower field region, two signals at δH 4.65 (1H, t, J = 9.0 Hz, H-18) and 4.91 (1H, dd, J = 11.7, 4.9 Hz, H-13) were ascribed as methines. Twenty-nine carbon signals, including eight methyl, six methylene, nine methine, and six quaternary carbons (including two carbonyl carbons), were evidenced from its 13C-NMR (Table 1), DEPT, and HSQC spectra. Since two in seven degrees of unsaturation were occupied by the carbonyl groups, compound 1 was deduced as a sesterterpenoid possessing a pentacyclic ring system.

Table 1

Experimental and calculated spectroscopic data of gypmacrophin A (δ in ppm, recorded in acetone-d6).

Position	δH-exp a	δC-exp b	δC-cal c
1β	1.41 (overlapped, 1H)	40.9	40.1
1α	1.13 (d, J = 14.1 Hz, 1H)	--	--
2	1.99 (overlapped, 1H)	49.7	49.8
3	2.28 (m, 1H)	37.7	39.9
4β	1.29 (m, 1H)	32.4	33.2
4α	1.94 (m, 1H)	--	--
5β	2.12 (m, 1H)	38.8	40.4
5α	1.53 (dd, J = 13.0, 5.7 Hz, 1H)	--	--
6	--	83.3	84.7
7	--	24.2	27.4
8β	0.24 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H)	16.4	16.7
8α	1.02 (overlapped, 1H)	--	--
9	0.54 (ddd, J = 11.4, 8.5, 5.5 Hz, 1H)	24.8	26.3
10	1.76 (t, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H)	38.8	40.2
11	--	39.7	42.6
12β	1.18 (dd, J = 12.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H)	39.4	38.9
12α	1.60 (overlapped, 1H)	--	--
13	4.91 (dd, J = 11.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H)	77.3	77.4
14	--	49.4	51.9
15	1.60 (m, 1H)	44.6	45.3
16	2.02 (overlapped, 1H)	42.2	42.9
17β	1.92 (overlapped, 1H)	28.7	30.1
17α	1.42 (m, 1H)	--	--
18	4.65 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H)	81.1	81.9
19	0.83 (d, J = 7.4, 3H)	15.9	16.2
20	1.07 (s, 3H)	25.8	25.6
21	1.03 (s, 3H)	22.8	22.8
22	0.92 (s, 3H)	8.7	10.7
23	2.31 (m, 1H)	28.4	30.6
24	0.85 (d, J = 7.3, 3H)	23.2	23.2
25	0.86 (d, J = 7.3, 3H)	15.5	15.4
AcO-13	--	170.4	166.9
--	1.93 (s, 3H)	21.2	22.1
AcO-18	--	170.2	166.8
--	1.90 (s, 3H)	20.9	21.8
HO-6	2.96 (s, 1H)	--	--

a recorded at 1H-NMR (600 Hz); b recorded at 13C-NMR (150 Hz); c calculation of 13C-NMR in acetone at the PW1PW91/6-31G (d,p) level.

The gross structure of 1 was determined by 2D-NMR studies. The first part of HMBC correlations from H3-19 (δH 0.83, d) to C-2 (δC 49.7), C-3 (δC 37.7) and C-4 (δC 32.4); from H3-20 (δH 1.07, s) to C-8 (δC 16.4), C-7 (δC 24.2) and C-6 (δC 83.3); from H-10 (δH 1.76, t) to C-9 (δC 24.8) and C-11; from H-1β (δH 1.41, overlapped) to C-2 and C-11; from H3-21 (δH 1.03, s) to C-11; from H-4β (δH 1.29, m) to C-6 together with 1H–1H COSY couplings of H-8/H-9/H-10 could establish the fragment A (Figure 2). The mere lone hydroxy group was attached to C-6 according to chemical shift, and the key HMBC correlation with C-6.

Figure 2

1H–1H COSY (bold) and selected HMBC (arrow) correlations of 1.

The second part HMBC correlations from H3-22 (δH 0.92, s) to C-14 (δC 49.4), C-18 (δC 81.1), C-13 (δC 77.3) and C-15 (δC 44.6); from H-16 (δH 2.02, overlapped) to C-17 (δC 28.7); from H-15 (δH 1.60, m) to C-11 (δC 39.7) and C-17; from H-12α (δH 1.60 overlapped) to C-11; from H-10 (δH 1.76, t) to C-15, C-14 and C-11 together with 1H–1H COSY couplings of H-12/H-13, H-10/H-15, H-15/H-16 and H-17/H-18 could establish the fragment B (Figure 2). Two acetoxy groups were observed to attach on C-13 and C-18, according to the chemical shift values and HMBC correlations, respectively. However, the remaining two methyls (C-24, C-25), one methylene (C-5) and one methine (C-23), had no valuable correlations with other atoms from these spectra, which presented us an obstacle in terms of elucidating them clearly. A HSQC-TOCSY experiment was conducted to figure them out. The HSQC-TOCSY correlations of H-4, H-3, and H-2 to C-5 (δC 38.8); H-24 and H-25 to C-23 (δC 28.4) were constructed of the two below parts. Combining fragment A with fragment B according to the 1H–1H COSY couplings of H-9/H-10 and H-10/H-15, along with HMBC correlation of H-12α to C-1, the planar structure of compound 1 was deduced in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Selected HSQC-TOCSY (red bold) and ROESY correlations of 1.

The relative stereochemistry of 1 could be elucidated using data obtained from a ROESY experiment. The ROESY spectrum of 1 showed the correlations between the proton of H-2 and H-1α, H-2 and H-10, H-10 and H3-22, H-17α and H-16, together with HO-6 and H-8α, suggesting that HO-6, H-2, H-3, H-10, H-16, H3-22, and H-8α had the same orientation. On the contrary, ROESY correlations between H-8β and H3-20, H3-20 and H-9; H-9 and H3-21, H-15 and H-13, H-13 and H-12β as well as H-17β and H-18 suggested that these protons were located in the same orientation (Figure 3). Therefore, the relative configuration of 1 was determined as 2S′, 3S′, 6S′, 7R′, 9R′, 10S′, 11S′, 13R′, 14S′, 15S′, 16R′, 18S′.

To further confirm the characteristic structure and determine the absolute configuration of 1, a quantum chemical calculation was resorted to in our elucidation work, after several failures to obtain a single crystal. Overall, conformation searches on 1 gave nine conformers with populations higher than 1%. All of these conformers were optimized at the theory of B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) to give six conformers. These predominant conformers were subjected to NMR calculations at the PW1PW91/6-31G (d,p) level with polarizable continuum (PCM) model in acetone. As shown (Table 1), the calculated 13C-NMR of 1 matched well with the experimental one, giving compelling support to verify the aforementioned structure. The correlation coefficient (R2) (Figure 4) between the experimental and calculated data from linear regression analysis was 0.9991, and the mean absolute error (MAE) and the corrected mean absolute error (CMAE) were 1.3 and 1.0 ppm, respectively, thus supporting the structural rationality of 1. For absolute configuration, the low cotton effect of electronic circular dichroism forced us to seek help from the optical rotation calculations, which had also been successfully applied in deciding configurations of natural products [17]. Optical rotation calculations of 1 were carried at the B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G (2d,p) level, with PCM model in MeOH based on B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) optimized geometries. The calculated specific rotation (+83.4°) of (2S, 3S, 6S, 7R, 9R, 10S, 11S, 13R, 14S, 15S, 16R, 18S)-1 was close to the experimental value ( +20.8, c 0.2, MeOH), while the calculated data for its enantiomer had a total opposite result. Therefore, the absolute configuration of 1 was defined to be 2S, 3S, 6S, 7R, 9R, 10S, 11S, 13R, 14S, 15S, 16R, 18S.

Figure 4

(A) Regression analysis of experimental versus calculated 13C-NMR chemical shifts of 1 at MPW1PW91/6-31G (d,p) level; linear fitting was shown as a line; (B) Absolute and relative chemical shift errors between δcal/δexp (mean absolute error (MAE) = 1.3) and δcorr/δexp (corrected mean absolute error (CMAE) = 1.0).

Brialmontin III (2) was obtained as a white amorphous powder. The molecular formula was determined as C20H24O5 by its HR-ESI-MS peak at m/z 367.1509 [M + Na]+ (calcd. for C20H24NaO5: 367.1516), indicating nine degrees of unsaturation. The 1H-NMR spectrum of 2 exhibited signals for seven methyl groups, 1.99 (3H, s, Me-9’), 2.02 (3H, s, Me-8’), 2.16 (3H, s, Me-10), 2.23 (3H, s, Me-9), 2.31 (3H, s, Me-7’), 2.66 (3H, s, Me-8) and 3.85 (3H, s, CH3O-2’); one methine proton, 6.79 (1H, s, H-1’); two hydroxy protons, 8.18 (1H, s, HO-4) and 11.56 (1H, s, HO-2). Twenty carbon signals, including seven methyl, one methine, and twelve quaternary carbons (including one carbonyl carbon) were evidenced by the 13C-NMR (Table 2) and HSQC spectra. Considering the similar single peak and chemical shift values of 2 with those of 3, compound 2 was deduced as a depside with polysubstitution of methyl and methoxy groups [18]. The precise structure of 2 was determined by interpretation of 2D-NMR experiments. The HMBC correlations (Figure 5) from H-1’ to C-2’ (δC 156.8) and C-6’ (δC 121.0); protons of methoxy group to C-2’; H3-9’ to C-2’, C-3’ (δC 116.6) and C-4’ (δC 149.2); H3-8’ to C-4’, C-5’ (δC 136.1), and C-6’ as well as H3-7’ to C-1’, C-5’ and C-6’ could establish a phenyl ring. The rest signals of HMBC correlations from H3-10 to C-2, C-3 and C-4; proton of another hydroxy group to C-1 (δC 105.1), C-2 (δC 161.8) and C-3 (δC 109.3); H3-9 to C-4 (δC 159.8), C-5 (δC 117.3) and C-6 (δC 138.4) together with the correlations from H3-8 to C-1, C-5 and C-6 could construct another phenyl ring. The carbonyl group connected the two parts functioned as a bridge, positioning suitable carbons (C-1, C-4’) on the basis of chemical shift.

Table 2

Spectroscopic data of brialmontins III (2), I (3) and II (4) (δ in ppm, recorded in acetone-d6).

Position	δH (2) a	δC (2) b	δH (3) a	δC (3) b	δH (4) a	δC (4) b
1	--	105.1	--	123.1	--	121.5
2	--	161.8	--	162.3	--	159.8
3	--	109.3	--	109.8	--	117.1
4	--	159.8	--	161.0	--	155.4
5	--	117.3	--	117.2	--	125.7
6	--	138.4	--	138.6	--	136. 0
7	--	171.5	--	171.0	--	167.1
8	2.66 (s, 3H)	19.5	2.64 (s, 3H)	19.3	2.14 (s, 3H)	17.3
9	2.23 (s, 3H)	12.4	2.23 (s, 3H)	12.6	2.17 (s, 3H)	12.5
10	2.16 (s, 3H)	8.7	2.16 (s, 3H)	9.3	2.31 (s, 3H)	9.8
1′	6.79 (s, 1H)	110.8	6.80 (s, 1H)	111.0	6.77 (s, 1H)	110.7
2′	--	156.8	--	156.6	--	156.8
3′	--	116.6	--	116.5	--	122.9
4′	--	149.2	--	149.2	--	149.6
5′	--	136.1	--	136.2	--	127.1
6′	--	121.0	--	121.0	--	133.9
7′	2.31 (s, 3H)	20.2	2.31 (s, 3H)	20.2	2.23 (s, 3H)	20.3
8′	2.02 (s, 3H)	12.6	2.02 (s, 3H)	12.7	2.27 (s, 3H)	12.7
9′	1.99 (s, 3H)	9.7	1.99 (s, 3H)	9.8	2.34 (s, 3H)	9.9
CH3O-2′	3.85 (s, 3H)	56.0	3.80 (s, 3H)	56.1	3.74 (s, 3H)	56.0
R2O-2	11.56 (s, 1H)		11.02 (s, 1H)		3.84 (s, 3H)	62.1
R1O-4	8.18 (s, 1H)		3.74 (s, 3H)	60.3	3.81 (s, 3H)	60.3

a recorded at 1H-NMR (800 Hz); b recorded at 13C-NMR (200 Hz).

Figure 5

Key HMBC (arrows) correlations of 2.

Compounds 3 (brialmontin I) and 4 (brialmontin II) were confirmed by comparing their chemical shifts data of 1H- and 13C-NMR with the literature [18,19]. The two ones were confirmed as polysubstituted depsides as well. Interestingly, brialmontin I has only been found in two lichens, Lecania brialmontii and Lecidella carpathica, while brialmontin II only has been discovered in L. brialmontii. It is likely that G. macrophylla has similar synthetic gene clusters with these two species above, concerning brialmontins I and II. Therefore, deep research needs to be done to discuss the systematic relationships among these three voucher specimens. Sesterterpenoids bearing such pentacyclic carbon skeletons have only been reported once [20]. Since more biological activities of such unique skeletons need to be discovered, gypmacrophin A was then investigated for its inhibitory activity against AchE (Acetylcholinesterase). Brialmontins I, II, and III were excluded from biological evaluation because of sample shortage. The result showed that gypmacrophin A was a weak inhibitor of AchE with an IC50 value of 32.03 μM, with positive control giving an IC50 value of 0.24 μM.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO P-1020 polarimeter (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). UV spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu UV-2401 PC spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). A Tensor 27 spectrophotometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used for scanning IR spectroscopy with KBr pellets. 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker DRX-600 and DRX-800 spectrometers (Bruker Biospin, Zurich, Switzerland) with TMS as internal standard. Chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in parts per million (ppm) with reference to the solvent signals. HR-ESI-MS was performed on an API QSTAR spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Semi-preparative HPLC was performed on an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a Zorbax SB-C18 (9.4 mm × 250 mm) column (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Column chromatography (CC) was performed with RP-18 (300–400 mesh, Qingdao Marine Chemical, Inc., Qingdao, China). All solvents used for CC and HPLC were of analytical grade (Shanghai Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and chromatographic grade (Dikma Technologies Inc., Beijing, China), respectively.

3.2. Collection and Identification of Biological Materials

The Chinese Specimens used in the study were collected from Yunnan provinces and were identified by Professor Li-Song Wang of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Morphological characters and sequences of ITS and nrLSU were compared with specimens from the Museum of Evolution (UPS, Oslo, Norway) and the Field Museum of Natural History (F, Chicago, IL, USA). A voucher specimen Wang Lisong et al. 15-49586 (KUN-L-52617) was deposited in the herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-L, Kunming, China).

3.3. Extraction and Isolation

The air-dried lichens, G. macrophylla (1 g), were extracted with acetone (20 mL) three times. After removal of acetone under reduced pressure, the residue (34 mg) was subjected to RP-18 eluted with a MeOH–H2O gradient (30:70–100:0) to yield A–D fractions. Fraction D (11 mg) was further chromatographed on semi-preparative semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with CH3CN–H2O (90:10) to afford two new compounds, named as gypmacrophin A (1) (3.8 mg) and brialmontin III (2) (0.5 mg), and two known ones, brialmontins I (3) (0.5 mg) and II (4) (0.8 mg).

Gypmacrophin A (1) was obtained as a white amorphous powder: +20.8 (c 0.2, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λmax (logε): 203 (3.30), 210 (3.25) nm; IR (KBr) vmax: 3440, 2956, 1739 cm−1. 1H- and 13C-NMR data: (Table 1); (+)-HR-ESI-MS m/z 497.3238 [M + Na]+ (calcd. for C29H46NaO5: 497.3237).

Brialmontin III (2) was obtained as a white amorphous powder: UV (MeOH) λmax (logε): 202 (4.91), 216 (4.87), 262 (4.37), 323 (3.84) nm; IR (KBr) vmax: 3447, 2917, 1634 cm−1. 1H- and 13C-NMR data: (Table 2); (+)-HR-ESI-MS m/z 367.1509 [M + Na]+ (calcd. for C20H24NaO5: 367.1516).

Brialmontin I (3) was obtained as a white amorphous powder: 1H- and 13C-NMR data: (Table 2); (+)-ESI-MS m/z 381 [M + Na]+.

Brialmontin II (4) was obtained as a white amorphous powder: 1H- and 13C-NMR data: (Table 2); (+)-ESI-MS m/z 395 [M + Na]+.

3.4. 13C-NMR and OR Calculations

The theoretical calculations of compound 1 were carried out using Gaussian 09.1. (Gaussian, Wallingford, CT, USA) Conformational analysis was initially performed using Discovery Studio 4.0 Client (Dassault systems, Velizy Villacoublay, France). The optimized conformation geometries, thermodynamic parameters, and populations of all conformations were provided in the Supporting Information. The conformers were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level. Room temperature equilibrium populations were calculated according to Boltzmann distribution law. 13C-NMR shielding constants of compound 1 were calculated with the GIAO method at the MPW1PW91-SCRF/6-31G (d,p) level in acetone with PCM. The shielding constants obtained were converted into chemical shifts by referencing to TMS at 0 ppm (δcalcd = σTMS − σcalcd), where the σTMS was the shielding constant of TMS calculated at the same level. The parameters a and b of the linear regression the correlation coefficient, R2; the mean absolute error (MAE) defined as the corrected mean absolute error (CMAE), defined as where δ and therefore corrects for systematic errors were presented. Rotation calculations were carried at the B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G (2d,p) level with PCM model in MeOH based on B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) optimized geometries optical to determine absolute stereochemistry of 1.

3.5. Bioactive Assay of Gypmacrophin A

The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects were assayed by the enzyme-inhibitor approach using S-acetylthiocholine iodide as a substrate [21]. Compound 1 was dissolved in DMSO. The reaction mixture (in total, 200 μL) containing phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), test compound (50 μM), and acetyl cholinesterase (0.02 U/mL), was incubated for 20 min (37 °C). Then, the reaction was initiated by the addition of 40 μL of solution containing DTNB (0.625 mM) and acetylthiocholine iodide (0.625 mM) for AChE inhibitory activity assay, respectively. The hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine was monitored at 405 nm every 30 s for 1 h. Tacrine was used as positive control with final concentration of 0.333 μM. All of the reactions were performed in triplicate. The percentage inhibition was calculated as follows: where E is the activity of the enzyme without test compound and S is the activity of enzyme with test compound.

4. Conclusions

In summary, a rare sesterterpenoid and three depsides, rather than “triterpenoids”, were extracted from 1 g of materials from G. macrophylla, which provided new chemical evidence on research of its taxonomy and systematics. The structure and absolute configurations of gypmacrophin A were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. It showed weak inhibition of AchE with an IC50 value of 32.03 μM. The manuscripts can also explain the negative reaction of K (potassium hydroxide), C (calcium hypochlorite), P (p-phenylenediamine) with G. macrophylla recorded in the literature [15,16], since the depsides in G. macrophylla were polysubstituted by different levels of methyl or methoxy groups without any substitution of carboxylic group. From the perspective of the chemical angle, rarely do depsides have multisubstitution without carboxylic groups, partly indicating a special taxonomic status of G. macrophylla in lichens, which is now a single species in the genus of Gypsoplaca and family of Gypsoplacaceae.