Circulating Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Circulating exosomes could arrive in distant tissues via blood circulation, thus directly communicating with target cells and rapidly regulating intracellular signalings. Circulating exosomes and exosomal cargos are critically involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology, such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Circulating exosomes enriched with various types of biological molecules can be changed not only in the number but also in the composite cargos upon cardiac injury, such as myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and sepsis cardiomyopathy, which may further influence cardiomyocyte function and contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, exosome-based therapeutic strategy may be used to attenuate myocardial injury and promote cardiac regeneration and repair. Also, more preclinical and clinical studies would be needed to investigate the potential of circulating exosomes as biomarkers for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.