Metal-mediated oxidation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in water: A review on kinetics, transformation products, and toxicity assessment.

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the most potent antimicrobial agents, which have seen their increasing use as human and veterinary medicines to control bacterial infections. FQs have been extensively found in surface water and municipal wastewaters, which has raised great concerns due to their negative impacts to humans and ecological health. It is of utmost importance that FQs are treated before their release into the environment. This paper reviews oxidative removal of FQs using reactive oxygen (O3 and OH), sulfate radicals (SO4-), and high-valent transition metal (MnVII and FeVI) species. The role of metals in enhancing the performance of reactive oxygen and sulfur species is presented. The catalysts can significantly enhance the production of OH and/or SO4- radicals. At neutral pH, the second-order rate constants (k, M-1s-1) of the reactions between FQs and oxidants follow the order as k(OH)>k(O3)>k(FeVI)>k(MnVII). Moieties involved to transform target FQs to oxidized products and participation of the catalysts in the reaction pathways are discussed. Generally, the piperazinyl ring of FQs was found as the preferential attack site by each oxidant. Meanwhile, evaluation of aquatic ecotoxicity of the transformation products of FQs by these treatments is summarized.