Andrea T Cruz1, Prashant Mahajan2, Bema K Bonsu3, Jonathan E Bennett4, Deborah A Levine5, Elizabeth R Alpern6, Lise E Nigrovic7, Shireen M Atabaki8, Daniel M Cohen3, John M VanBuren9, Octavio Ramilo10, Nathan Kuppermann11. 1. Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 2. Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 3. Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus. 4. Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children's Health System, Wilmington, Delaware. 5. Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York. 6. Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 7. Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 8. Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC. 9. Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 10. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus. 11. Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento.
Abstract
Importance: Clinicians often risk stratify young febrile infants for invasive bacterial infections (IBIs), defined as bacteremia and/or bacterial meningitis, using complete blood cell count parameters. Objective: To estimate the accuracy of individual complete blood cell count parameters to identify febrile infants with IBIs. Design, Setting, and Participants: Planned secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study comprising 26 emergency departments in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network from 2008 to 2013. We included febrile (≥38°C), previously healthy, full-term infants younger than 60 days for whom blood cultures were obtained. All infants had either cerebrospinal fluid cultures or 7-day follow-up. Main Outcomes and Measures: We tested the accuracy of the white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and platelet count at commonly used thresholds for IBIs. We determined optimal thresholds using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Of 4313 enrolled infants, 1340 (31%; 95% CI, 30% to 32%) were aged 0 to 28 days, 2412 were boys (56%), and 2471 were white (57%). Ninety-seven (2.2%; 95% CI, 1.8% to 2.7%) had IBIs. Sensitivities were low for common complete blood cell count parameter thresholds: white blood cell count less than 5000/µL, 10% (95% CI, 4% to 16%) (to convert to 109 per liter, multiply by 0.001); white blood cell count ≥15 000/µL, 27% (95% CI, 18% to 36%); absolute neutrophil count ≥10 000/µL, 18% (95% CI, 10% to 25%) (to convert to × 109 per liter, multiply by 0.001); and platelets <100 × 103/µL, 7% (95% CI, 2% to 12%) (to convert to × 109 per liter, multiply by 1). Optimal thresholds for white blood cell count (11 600/µL), absolute neutrophil count (4100/µL), and platelet count (362 × 103/µL) were identified in models that had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.57 (95% CI, 0.50-0.63), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.64-0.76), and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.55-0.67), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: No complete blood cell count parameter at commonly used or optimal thresholds identified febrile infants 60 days or younger with IBIs with high accuracy. Better diagnostic tools are needed to risk stratify young febrile infants for IBIs.
Importance: Clinicians often risk stratify young febrile infants for invasive bacterial infections (IBIs), defined as bacteremia and/or bacterial meningitis, using complete blood cell count parameters. Objective: To estimate the accuracy of individual complete blood cell count parameters to identify febrile infants with IBIs. Design, Setting, and Participants: Planned secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study comprising 26 emergency departments in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network from 2008 to 2013. We included febrile (≥38°C), previously healthy, full-term infants younger than 60 days for whom blood cultures were obtained. All infants had either cerebrospinal fluid cultures or 7-day follow-up. Main Outcomes and Measures: We tested the accuracy of the white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and platelet count at commonly used thresholds for IBIs. We determined optimal thresholds using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Of 4313 enrolled infants, 1340 (31%; 95% CI, 30% to 32%) were aged 0 to 28 days, 2412 were boys (56%), and 2471 were white (57%). Ninety-seven (2.2%; 95% CI, 1.8% to 2.7%) had IBIs. Sensitivities were low for common complete blood cell count parameter thresholds: white blood cell count less than 5000/µL, 10% (95% CI, 4% to 16%) (to convert to 109 per liter, multiply by 0.001); white blood cell count ≥15 000/µL, 27% (95% CI, 18% to 36%); absolute neutrophil count ≥10 000/µL, 18% (95% CI, 10% to 25%) (to convert to × 109 per liter, multiply by 0.001); and platelets <100 × 103/µL, 7% (95% CI, 2% to 12%) (to convert to × 109 per liter, multiply by 1). Optimal thresholds for white blood cell count (11 600/µL), absolute neutrophil count (4100/µL), and platelet count (362 × 103/µL) were identified in models that had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.57 (95% CI, 0.50-0.63), 0.70 (95% CI, 0.64-0.76), and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.55-0.67), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: No complete blood cell count parameter at commonly used or optimal thresholds identified febrile infants 60 days or younger with IBIs with high accuracy. Better diagnostic tools are needed to risk stratify young febrile infants for IBIs.
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