Biosensors in process control.

Improvement in bioprocess control will require development of monitors for a wide range of cell-growth and downstream-process parameters. These requirements are examined in terms of the development and application of biosensor devices and physical measurement techniques. Acoustic, dielectric and laser light scattering techniques are discussed primarily as monitors and analysers for biomass parameters. Developments with biosensor devices are discussed in terms of their application in membrane sampling-flow analysis probes and the potential of more direct biosensing principles.