Effects of airway evaluation parameters on the laryngeal view grade in mandibular prognathism and retrognathism patients.

BACKGROUND: Failure to maintain a patent airway can result in brain damage or death. In patients with mandibular prognathism or retrognathism, intubation is generally thought to be difficult. We determined the degree of difficulty of airway management in patients with mandibular deformity using anatomic criteria to define and grade difficulty of endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy.
METHODS: Measurements were performed on 133 patients with prognathism and 33 with retrognathism scheduled for corrective esthetic surgery. A case study was performed on 89 patients with a normal mandible as the control group. In all patients, mouth opening distance (MOD), mandibular depth (MD), mandibular length (ML), mouth opening angle (MOA), neck extension angle (EXT), neck flexion angle (FLX), thyromental distance (TMD), inter-notch distance (IND), thyromental area (TMA), Mallampati grade, and Cormack and Lehane grade were measured.
RESULTS: Cormack and Lehane grade I was observed in 84.2%, grade II in 15.0%, and grade III in 0.8% of mandibular prognathism cases; among retrognathism cases, 45.4% were grade I, 27.3% grade II, and 27.3% grade III; among controls, 65.2% were grade I, 26.9% were grade II, and 7.9% were grade III. MOD, MOA, ML, TMD, and TMA were greater in the prognathism group than in the control and retrognathism groups (P < 0.05). The measurements of ML were shorter in retrognathism than in the control and prognathism groups (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Laryngoscopic intubation was easier in patients with prognathism than in those with normal mandibles. However, in retrognathism, the laryngeal view grade was poor and the ML was an important factor.

INTRODUCTION

The failure of airway maintenance is the most common cause of anesthetic-related mortality in dental anesthesiology [1]. Orthognathic surgery involves the correction of musculoskeletal, dento-osseous, and soft tissue deformities of the jaws and surrounding structures. Patients who request orthognathic surgery may have severe anatomical anomalies of airway anatomy such as mandibular prognathism or retrognathism. Safe and secure airway management by the anesthesiologist is essential, and preoperative airway evaluation is critical in those patients [2]. Mandibular prognathism in acromegalic patients is recognized as one cause of difficulty in airway management and tracheal intubation [3]. However, there are few data regarding the incidence of difficult intubation in mandibular anomaly patients who request orthognathic surgery.

Preoperative screening to identify patients in whom tracheal intubation may be difficult or impossible may reduce mortality and morbidity [4]. Predictors of difficult intubation such as the modified Mallampati classification, measurement of the thyromental distance, and head and neck movement, have been used to predict a difficult airway with some acceptable accuracy [5678].

We hypothesized that these airway evaluation parameters would aid in identifying difficult airway cases in patients with mandibular deformities. The purpose of this study was to enable prediction of the Cormack and Lehane laryngeal grade in dentofacial patients who may have abnormal airway evaluation parameters because of anomalous mandibular anatomy.

METHODS

This prospective, single-blinded study was performed at Seoul National University Dental Hospital after approval from the hospital institutional review board (L0605-09). Written informed consent was obtained from 255 patients aged > 18 years scheduled for elective surgical procedures to treat malocclusion or oral problems requiring endotracheal intubation. Patients were excluded if they had a documented history of difficult intubation, a potentially difficult airway suggested by physical examination, obstructive sleep apnea, recurrent epistaxis, bleeding diathesis, a history of taking anticoagulant drugs, or risks for aspiration.

To divide patients into 3 groups, i.e., prognathism, normal, or retrognathism, lateral cephalometric radiographs were used. The ANB angle made by the sella (S), nasion (N) and A point of the maxilla, and B point of the mandible was used by an orthodontist (Fig. 1) Classification of patient groups was defined by orthodontists; ANB angle below -1 (prognathism group), above 4 (retrognathism group), and between -1 and 4 (normal group). Of 255 patients, 133 had mandibular prognathism, 33 had mandibular retrognathism, and 89 had a normal mandible relationship (Table 1).

Fig. 1

To divide patients into 3 groups, i.e., prognathism, normal, and retrognathism, lateral cephalometric radiographs were used. Orthodontists decided which patients had an ANB angle below -1 in the prognathism group, above 4 in the retrognathism group, and between -1 and 4 in the normal group (Table 1).

1. Prognathism, 2. Normal, 3. Retrognathism.

A (A point or subspinale): deepest point on maxillary alveolus, B (B point or supramentale): deepest point on mandibular alveolus.

Table 1

Demographic characteristics

	Prognathism (n = 133)	Normal (n = 89)	Retrognathism (n = 33)
Age (yr)	22.4 ± 4.4	25.0 ± 7.61	25.2 ± 10.5
Sex (M:F)	66 : 67	45 : 44	11 : 22
Weight (kg)	60.3 ± 12.6	60.5 ± 11.3	57.4 ± 11.9
Height (cm)	168.8 ± 7.9	167.2 ± 8.2	165.7 ± 7.4
ANB angle	-5.4 ± 3.4	1.2 ± 1.1	5.7 ± 1.7

The ANB angle made by the sella (S), nasion (N) and A point (deepest point on maxillary alveolus), and B point (deepest point on mandibular alveolus) was used by an orthodontist.

Preoperative evaluation was performed in all patients using the following protocol. A modified Mallampati classification [9], mouth opening distance (MOD), mandibular depth (MD), mandibular length (ML), mouth opening angle (MOA), neck extension angle (EXT), neck flexion angle (FLX), thyromental distance (TMD), internotch distance (IND), and thyromental area (TMA) were determined before general anesthesia (Fig. 2) [10].

Fig. 2

In all patients, mouth opening distance (MOD), mandibular depth (MD), mandibular length (ML), mouth opening angle (MOA), neck extension angle (EXT), neck flexion angle (FLX), thyromental distance (TMD), inter-notch distance (IND), thyromental area (TMA).

Pre-anesthetic medication was not administered. Routine monitoring was performed with an electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, capnograph, and a noninvasive blood pressure cuff. Patients were placed in the supine position with the head on an approximately 8 cm-high pillow. After anesthesia induction using propofol 1.5 mg/kg intravenous (IV) following lidocaine 30 mg IV, and neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg IV, patients were ventilated with 7-8 vol% sevoflurane in 100% O2 via a facial mask. We monitored the train-of-four ratio, and intubation was performed at 0/4. A #3 Macintosh blade was used for women and #4 for men. Cormack and Lehane laryngeal view grades were measured during laryngoscopy [11].

Demographic data are reported as mean values with standard deviation (SD) and range. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the level of laryngeal view, and multiple comparisons among groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Bonferroni correction. For comparison of criteria for airway evaluation in the 3 groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used; multiple comparisons among groups were analyzed by the SNK test. SPSS software (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. A P-value < 0.05 was regarded as significant.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in age, gender, height, and weight among the 3 groups. The ANB values were -5.4 ± 3.4 for prognathism, 1.2 ± 1.1 for normal, and 5.7 ± 1.7 for retrognathism groups. The Mallampati grades, which were assessed while the patients opened their mouths before anesthesia, were grade I in 84.2%, grade II in 15%, grade III in 0.8%, and grade IV in 1.5% for prognathism; grade I in 46.1%, grade II in 41.6%, grade III in 10.1%, and grade IV in 2.2% for controls; and grade I in 33.3%, grade II in 36.4%, grade III in 24.2%, and grade IV in 6.1% for retrognathism; the grades were significantly different between the groups (Table 2). The measurements of MOD, MOA, ML, TMD, and TMA were greater in prognathism than in the control and retrognathism groups (P < 0.05). The measurements of ML were shorter in retrognathism than in the control and prognathism groups (P < 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 2

Mallampati grade

	Prognathism*	Normal	Retrognathism	Total
Grade I	69 (84.2)	41 (46.1)	11 (33.3)	121(47.5)
Grade II	60 (15.0)	37 (41.6)	12 (36.4)	109(42.7)
Grade III	2 (0.8)	9 (10.1)	8 (24.2)	19 (7.5)
Grade IV	2 (1.5)	2 (2.2)	2 (6.1)	6 (2.4)

Values are number of patients and percent in each group.

*P = 0.008 versus retrognathism group.

Table 3

Criteria for airway evaluation

	Prognathism	Normal	Retrognathism
MOD (mm)	48.3 ± 6.5*	45.1 ± 5.8	42.9 ± 7.9
MOA (°)	29.8 ± 6.0*	27.4 ±4.8	26.4 ± 5.0
ML (mm)	105.2 ± 9.3*	101.9 ± 8.1	8.2 ± 9.8†
MD (mm)	42.5 ± 9.5	44.7 ± 7.5	45.2 ± 7.4
TMD (mm)	71.5 ± 12.5*	65.4 ± 10.7	64.2 ± 12.4
IND (mm)	99.9 ± 9.0	99.6 ± 10.5	97.1 ± 7.6
TMA (mm2)	7194 ± 1654*	6533 ± 1348	6235 ± 1331
flex (°)	52.3 ± 7.1	55.3 ± 8.2	53.9 ± 9.2
ext (°)	61.3 ± 7.5	58.2 ± 9.9	58 ± 8.9

Values are mean ± SD.

*P < 0.05 versus normal and retrognathism, †P < 0.05 versus prognathism and normal group.

Laryngeal grades based on laryngoscopic views were as follows. Cormack and Lehane grade I was observed in 84.2%, grade II in 15.0%, and grade III in 0.8% of the mandibular prognathism cases; grade I in 45.4%, grade II in 27.3%, and grade III in 27.3% of the retrognathism cases; and grade I in 65.2%, grade II in 26.9%, and grade III in 7.9% of the control group (Table 4).

Table 4

Laryngeal view grade

	Prognathism*	Normal	Retrognathism†	Total
Grade I	112 (84.2)	58 (65.2)	15 (45.4)	185 (72.5)
Grade II	20 (15.0)	24 (26.9)	9 (27.3)	53 (20.8)
Grade III	1 (0.8)	7 (7.9)	9 (27.3)	17 (6.7)

Values are number of patients and percent in each group.

*P = 0.001 versus normal group, †P = 0.016 versus normal group.

DISCUSSION

Failure of airway maintenance during general anesthesia increases the risk of serious complications such as brain damage and death; therefore, proper airway maintenance is critical [11213]. Deformities of various anatomical structures related to airway are more common in oral and maxillofacial patients than in normal individuals, and airway maintenance is difficult for these patients in most cases [14]. Despite its importance, few systematic studies have attempted to predict which patients would have difficulty with airway maintenance before anesthesia. Although there are a number of evaluation parameters, such as mouth opening distance, Mallampati grade, and Cormack and Lehane grade, they are not easily applicable to prognathism and retrognathism patients [34581516171819].

Prognathism and retrognathism are conditions in which the maxilla protrudes more than the mandible, or vice versa. Airway maintenance using a mask is difficult in patients with these conditions, and airway evaluation parameters may be different from those of normal individuals. Evaluation parameters inadequately predict a difficult airway in prognathism and retrognathism patients, and previous studies have mostly focused on changes in airway anatomy after corrective jaw surgery [20212223]. The aim of this study was to identify factors that affect the difficulty of tracheal intubation by evaluating various airway parameters that have been commonly used, or have not been used before. Retrognathism patients, in whom tracheal intubation is known to be difficult [24], prognathism patients, in whom tracheal intubation is relatively easy [10], and a control group with normal patients were compared.

In this study, Mallampati grades III and IV were more common in the retrognathism group than in the prognathism and control groups (Table 2). The prognathism group had greater MOD, ML, TMD, MOA, and TMA measurements, compared to the retrognathism and normal groups. The ML in the retrognathism group was statistically significantly shorter than in the normal and prognathism groups (Table 3). Cormack and Lehane grade 1 was more common in the prognathism group than in the normal group, and grade III was common in the retrognathism group; both values were statistically significant (Table 4).

The results of airway evaluation in this study showed that prognathism patients had normal airways, predicting easy tracheal intubation using a laryngoscope in these patients. When they were actually observed through a laryngoscope, most airways were Cormack and Lehane grade I and II and tracheal intubation was relatively easy, as had been predicted during airway evaluation before anesthesia. However, in some prognathism patients with relatively developed mandibles, airway maintenance using a mask after anesthetic administration was difficult. A relatively large number of retrognathism patients had Mallampati grades III and IV, and a short ML, leading to a prediction that intubation might be difficult in these patients. When their vocal cords were observed under a laryngoscope, there were more Cormack and Lehane grade III patients, compared with the normal and prognathism patients, and intubation was relatively difficult in grade III patients.

In this study, we predicted difficult intubation in retrognathism patients through physical examination, and confirmed this prediction. Our finding that Mallampati grade and ML can be used to predict difficult intubation in retrognathism patients is meaningful; by taking preparative measures based on this prediction, one may prevent dangerous situations such as failure of airway maintenance. Anatomical structures related to the mandible were used as airway evaluation parameters in this study to predict the difficulty of tracheal intubation. These parameters should be helpful in predicting the difficulty of tracheal intubation not only in prognathism and retrognathism patients, but also in other patients who require intubation for common general anesthetic procedures.

Small sample size is one of the limitations of this study. While a larger overall sample size would have provided better results, the especially small sample size of the retrognathism group with only 33 patients was a major limiting factor. However, because there were few cases of retrognathism, a prolonged period would have been required to obtain a larger sample size for this group. Another limitation was the relationship between ML and the Cormack and Lehane grade. Although Cormack and Lehane grade III was significantly more common in retrognathism patients with shorter ML in our study, more research on this relationship is needed.

In conclusion, intubation by laryngoscopy is easier in prognathism patients than in patients with normal mandibles. However, patients with retrognathism of the mandible have poor Cormack and Lehane grades, making intubation by laryngoscopy difficult, possibly because of the ML in such cases.