Anna Sannino1,2, Robert L Smith3, Gabriele G Schiattarella2,4, Bruno Trimarco5, Giovanni Esposito5, Paul A Grayburn1. 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Texas. 2. Currently with Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy. 3. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, Texas. 4. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. 5. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Abstract
Importance: The outcomes of patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) are still controversial. Objective: To clarify the role of SMR in the outcomes of patients with ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Data Sources: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for studies published up to March 2017. Study Selection: Studies reporting data on outcomes in patients with SMR were included. Duplicate publication data, studies lacking data on SMR grade and its correlation with outcomes, mixed data on SMR and primary mitral regurgitation, studies not clearly reporting the outcome of interest, and studies with fewer than 100 patients were excluded. Of the initial 3820 articles identified, 1.4% were finally included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: The study met PRISMA requirements. Two of us independently screened articles for fulfillment of inclusion criteria. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome, set after data collection, was the incidence of all-cause mortality in patients with and without SMR. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization for heart failure (HF), cardiac mortality, and a composite end point of death, HF hospitalization, and cardiac transplant. Results: Fifty-three studies and 45 900 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The mean (SD) length of follow-up was 40.8 (22.2) months. In 26 of 36 studies reporting LV function by SMR grade, increasing SMR severity was associated with worse LV function. When SMR was categorized as present or absent, all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the patients with SMR (17 studies, 26 359 patients; risk ratio [RR],1.79; 95% CI, 1.47-2.18; P < .001, I2 = 85%); when SMR was qualitatively graded, the incidence of all-cause mortality was significantly increased in patients having any degree of SMR compared with patients not having SMR (21 studies, 21 081 patients; RR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.67-2.31; P < .001, I2 = 74%). Finally, when SMR was quantitatively graded, it remained associated with an increased all-cause mortality rate (9 studies, 3649 patients; RR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.71-2.27; P < .001, I2 = 0%). Moreover, SMR was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for HF (16 studies, 10 171 patients; RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.92-2.67; P < .001, I2 = 41%), cardiac mortality (12 studies, 11 896 patients; RR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.87-3.69; P < .001, I2 = 74%), and death, HF, and transplant (11 studies, 8256 patients; RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.33-1.99; P < .001, I2 = 78%). Conclusions and Relevance: To our knowledge, this study is the first meta-analysis to date to demonstrate that SMR, even when mild, correlates with adverse outcomes in patients with ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Because SMR is an intrinsic consequence of LV dysfunction, causality between SMR and mortality should not be implied.
Importance: The outcomes of patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) are still controversial. Objective: To clarify the role of SMR in the outcomes of patients with ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Data Sources: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for studies published up to March 2017. Study Selection: Studies reporting data on outcomes in patients with SMR were included. Duplicate publication data, studies lacking data on SMR grade and its correlation with outcomes, mixed data on SMR and primary mitral regurgitation, studies not clearly reporting the outcome of interest, and studies with fewer than 100 patients were excluded. Of the initial 3820 articles identified, 1.4% were finally included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: The study met PRISMA requirements. Two of us independently screened articles for fulfillment of inclusion criteria. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome, set after data collection, was the incidence of all-cause mortality in patients with and without SMR. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization for heart failure (HF), cardiac mortality, and a composite end point of death, HF hospitalization, and cardiac transplant. Results: Fifty-three studies and 45 900 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The mean (SD) length of follow-up was 40.8 (22.2) months. In 26 of 36 studies reporting LV function by SMR grade, increasing SMR severity was associated with worse LV function. When SMR was categorized as present or absent, all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the patients with SMR (17 studies, 26 359 patients; risk ratio [RR],1.79; 95% CI, 1.47-2.18; P < .001, I2 = 85%); when SMR was qualitatively graded, the incidence of all-cause mortality was significantly increased in patients having any degree of SMR compared with patients not having SMR (21 studies, 21 081 patients; RR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.67-2.31; P < .001, I2 = 74%). Finally, when SMR was quantitatively graded, it remained associated with an increased all-cause mortality rate (9 studies, 3649 patients; RR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.71-2.27; P < .001, I2 = 0%). Moreover, SMR was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for HF (16 studies, 10 171 patients; RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.92-2.67; P < .001, I2 = 41%), cardiac mortality (12 studies, 11 896 patients; RR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.87-3.69; P < .001, I2 = 74%), and death, HF, and transplant (11 studies, 8256 patients; RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.33-1.99; P < .001, I2 = 78%). Conclusions and Relevance: To our knowledge, this study is the first meta-analysis to date to demonstrate that SMR, even when mild, correlates with adverse outcomes in patients with ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Because SMR is an intrinsic consequence of LV dysfunction, causality between SMR and mortality should not be implied.
Authors: Paul A Grayburn; Blasé Carabello; Judy Hung; Linda D Gillam; David Liang; Michael J Mack; Patrick M McCarthy; D Craig Miller; Alfredo Trento; Robert J Siegel Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2014-12-30 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Annemarie E Engström; Marije M Vis; Berto J Bouma; Bimmer E P M Claessen; Krischan D Sjauw; Jan Baan; Martijn Meuwissen; Karel T Koch; Robbert J de Winter; Jan G P Tijssen; Jan J Piek; José P S Henriques Journal: Acute Card Care Date: 2010-06
Authors: M S Feinberg; E Schwammenthal; L Shlizerman; A Porter; H Hod; D Friemark; S Matezky; V Boyko; L Mandelzweig; Z Vered; S Behar; A Sagie Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2000-11-01 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Graham S Hillis; Jacob E Møller; Patricia A Pellikka; Malcolm R Bell; Grace C Casaclang-Verzosa; Jae K Oh Journal: Am Heart J Date: 2005-12 Impact factor: 4.749
Authors: Victor Kamoen; Milad El Haddad; Tine De Backer; Marc De Buyzere; Frank Timmermans Journal: Int J Cardiovasc Imaging Date: 2018-12-03 Impact factor: 2.357
Authors: Gennaro Giustino; Jessica Overbey; Doris Taylor; Gorav Ailawadi; Katherine Kirkwood; Joseph DeRose; Marc A Gillinov; François Dagenais; Mary-Lou Mayer; Alan Moskowitz; Emilia Bagiella; Marissa Miller; Paul Grayburn; Peter K Smith; Annetine Gelijns; Patrick O'Gara; Michael Acker; Anuradha Lala; Judy Hung Journal: JACC Heart Fail Date: 2019-06 Impact factor: 12.035
Authors: Bart S Ferket; Vinod H Thourani; Pierre Voisine; Samuel F Hohmann; Helena L Chang; Peter K Smith; Robert E Michler; Gorav Ailawadi; Louis P Perrault; Marissa A Miller; Karen O'Sullivan; Stephanie L Mick; Emilia Bagiella; Michael A Acker; Ellen Moquete; Judy W Hung; Jessica R Overbey; Anuradha Lala; Margaret Iraola; James S Gammie; Annetine C Gelijns; Patrick T O'Gara; Alan J Moskowitz Journal: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Date: 2019-07-02 Impact factor: 5.209
Authors: Daniel P Howsmon; Bruno V Rego; Estibaliz Castillero; Salma Ayoub; Amir H Khalighi; Robert C Gorman; Joseph H Gorman; Giovanni Ferrari; Michael S Sacks Journal: J R Soc Interface Date: 2020-05-06 Impact factor: 4.118
Authors: David P Cork; Peter A McCullough; Hirsch S Mehta; Colin M Barker; Candace Gunnarsson; Michael P Ryan; Erin R Baker; Joanna Van Houten; Sarah Mollenkopf; Patrick Verta Journal: ESC Heart Fail Date: 2020-05-29