Angela Avenoso1, Angela D'Ascola2, Michele Scuruchi2, Giuseppe Mandraffino2, Alberto Calatroni2, Antonino Saitta2, Salvatore Campo1, Giuseppe M Campo3. 1. Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy. 2. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy. 3. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Torre Biologica, 5° piano, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy. gcampo@unime.it.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Our knowledge of extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and function has increased enormously over the last decade or so. There is evidence demonstrating that ECM provides signals affecting cell adhesion, shape, migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. ECM presents many domains that become active after proteolytic cleavage. These active ECM fragments are called matrikines which play different roles; in particular, they may act as potent inflammatory mediators during cartilage injury. FINDINGS: A major component of the ECM that undergoes dynamic regulation during cartilage damage and inflammation is the non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA). In this contest, HA is the most studied because of its different activity due to the different polymerization state. In vivo evidences have shown that low molecular weight HA exerts pro-inflammatory action, while high molecular weight HA possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the beneficial HA effects on arthritis are not only limited to its viscosity and lubricant action on the joints, but it is especially due to a specific and effective anti-inflammatory activity. Several in vitro experimental investigations demonstrated that HA treatment may regulate different biochemical pathways involved during the cartilage damage. Emerging reports are suggesting that the ability to recognize receptors both for the HA degraded fragments, whether for the high-polymerized native HA involve interaction with integrins, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the cluster determinant (CD44). The activation of these receptors induced by small HA fragments, via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-kB) mediation, directly or other different pathways, produces the transcription of a large number of damaging intermediates that lead to cartilage erosion. CONCLUSIONS: This review briefly summarizes a number of findings of the recent studies focused on the protective effects of HA, at the different polymerization states, on experimental arthritis in vitro both in animal and human cultured chondrocytes.
INTRODUCTION: Our knowledge of extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and function has increased enormously over the last decade or so. There is evidence demonstrating that ECM provides signals affecting cell adhesion, shape, migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. ECM presents many domains that become active after proteolytic cleavage. These active ECM fragments are called matrikines which play different roles; in particular, they may act as potent inflammatory mediators during cartilage injury. FINDINGS: A major component of the ECM that undergoes dynamic regulation during cartilage damage and inflammation is the non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA). In this contest, HA is the most studied because of its different activity due to the different polymerization state. In vivo evidences have shown that low molecular weight HA exerts pro-inflammatory action, while high molecular weight HA possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the beneficial HA effects on arthritis are not only limited to its viscosity and lubricant action on the joints, but it is especially due to a specific and effective anti-inflammatory activity. Several in vitro experimental investigations demonstrated that HA treatment may regulate different biochemical pathways involved during the cartilage damage. Emerging reports are suggesting that the ability to recognize receptors both for the HA degraded fragments, whether for the high-polymerized native HA involve interaction with integrins, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the cluster determinant (CD44). The activation of these receptors induced by small HA fragments, via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cell (NF-kB) mediation, directly or other different pathways, produces the transcription of a large number of damaging intermediates that lead to cartilage erosion. CONCLUSIONS: This review briefly summarizes a number of findings of the recent studies focused on the protective effects of HA, at the different polymerization states, on experimental arthritis in vitro both in animal and human cultured chondrocytes.
Authors: P Busse; C Vater; M Stiehler; J Nowotny; P Kasten; H Bretschneider; S B Goodman; M Gelinsky; S Zwingenberger Journal: Bone Joint Res Date: 2019-03-02 Impact factor: 5.853
Authors: Hala Alkhoury; Adrian Hautmann; Bodo Fuhrmann; Frank Syrowatka; Frank Erdmann; Guoying Zhou; Sanja Stojanović; Stevo Najman; Thomas Groth Journal: Int J Mol Sci Date: 2020-05-25 Impact factor: 5.923