Ten new genera of Agathidini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae) from Southeast Asia.

The Agathidini (Braconidae: Agathidinae) genera of Southeast Asia are revised based on a phylogenetic analysis of COI and 28S. Ten new genera are proposed, i.e., Agathigma, Asperagathis, Chimaeragathis, Cymagathis, Liragathis, Leuroagathis, Scabagathis, Trochantagathis, Xanthagathis, and Zosteragathis. An illustrated key to the Southeast Asian genera of this tribe is presented. Species from Thailand are keyed and described for all genera of Agathidini except Bassus and Zosteragathis which have too many species for this publication and will be dealt with separately. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that Bassuss.s. is polyphyletic. However, there are no morphological characters to support this and we have retained the current concept of Bassus, which is basically those Agathidini with simple tarsal claws. Numerous new combinations are proposed based on species that are moved to the newly erected genera.

Introduction

is a moderately diverse subfamily of with about 1,200 described species (Yu et al. 2012) and many times that number are yet to be named. Larvae are parasitoids of lepidopteran caterpillars of a multitude of families. Most agathidine genera, and probably all of the genera treated here, attack an early instar caterpillar and are quiescent until the host has reached the final instar and is ready to spin a cocoon. At this point in time the parasitoid larva becomes active and quickly consumes the host, i.e., they are koinobiont endoparasitoids.

This is the sixth publication on the Agathidine fauna with a concentration on Thailand. Sharkey et al. (2009) revised the Oriental genera of . Sharkey and Clutts (2011) revised the Thai agathidine genera with one or a few species and updated the generic key to the Oriental genera. Sharkey and Stoelb (2012, 2013) revised the Thai species of van Achterberg and Sharkey. Lastly, van Achterberg et al. (2014) revised the Thai species of . It is the aim of this paper to revise the genera of that have not been treated and to describe the Thai species of these that are not overly species-rich.

The recent redefinition of (Sharkey et al. 2009) to refer only to those species of Old World agathidines with simple claws, necessitated the erection or resurrection of numerous genera to house species formerly contained in the broader, polyphyletic concept of (Sharkey et al. 2015; Sharkey and Chapman 2015; Sharkey and Stoelb 2013; Sharkey et al. 2016; Achterberg and Long 2010). The previously published genera of this nature are: Sharkey, 2015; Sharkey, 2015; Sharkey, 2015; Sharkey, 2013; Sharkey, 2011; Achterberg & Long, 2010; Szépligeti,1902; and Wesmael, 1837. Most of the aforementioned genera, including s.s., are small and restricted to the Old or New world. The two exceptions are , and . These are both species-rich and cosmopolitan. Unfortunately, but perhaps necessarily, has become the new dumping ground for unplaced members of (Stevens et al. 2010, 2011; Achterberg and Long, 2010). This is all the worse because most of the species recently placed in are not closely related to it. is sister to the clade + and has a number of unique features as outlined in Sharkey and Stoelb (2012). It is the purpose of this paper to erect new Old World genera to avoid the further debasement of . The revision is primarily based on material collected in Thailand. New species from Thailand are keyed and described for all genera of except and which have too many species for this publication and will be dealt with separately.

Methods

All specimens except for some duplicates are deposited in the Entomological Museum of The Queen Sirikit Botanic Gardens, Chaing Mai, Thailand.

Diagnoses

Diagnoses are rather comprehensive however an abbreviated diagnosis for each genus is given in bold font within each diagnosis.

Morphological terms

Morphological terms are from Sharkey and Wharton (1997) and are matched to the Anatomy Ontology (HAO; Yoder et al. 2010; http://portal.hymao.org/projects/32/public/ontology/). Identifiers (URIs) in the format http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_XXXXXXX represent anatomical concepts in HAO version http:// purl.obolibrary.org/obo/hao/2011-05-18/hao.owl. They are provided to enable readers to confirm their understanding of the anatomical structures being referenced. To find out more about a given structure, including images, references and other metadata, use the identifier as a web-link, or use the HAO:XXXXXXX (note colon replaces underscore) as a search term at http://glossary.hymao.org. In this paper, terms are linked to the ontology in the results section, each couplet of the key, and in the first description of a taxon (genus ). From this point forward, only terms that do not appear in these areas are hyperlinked.

DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing

DNA was extracted from individual legs with the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit using the animal tissue protocol (QIAGEN Inc., Chatsworth, California, USA). The nuclear 28S, regions D2-D3 (~600 bp), rDNA and mitochondrial COI (~650 bp) genes were amplified with the 28S primer pairs 28SD2F (Belshaw and Quicke 1997) and D3R (Harry et al. 1996) and the COI primer pairs LepF1 and LepR1 (Hebert et al. 2004). For COI, PCR was conducted using Takara reagents, with each reaction consisting of 1X buffer, 0.3 mM nucleotides, 0.4 μM of each primer, 0.625 U Takara Ex Taq, ddH2O, and 1–3 μL template DNA in a total reaction volume of 25 μL. The thermal cycling protocol had an initial denaturation period at 95 °C for 2.5 min, followed by 40 cycling steps which denatured at 95 °C for 30 s, annealed at 44 °C for 30 s and extended at 68 °C for 45 s, with a final extension step of 72 °C for 7 min. For 28S, PCR consisted of Qiagen 1X buffer, 4 mM MgSO4, 0.3 mM dNTP, 0.4 μM of each primer, 1.0 U Qiagen Taq, ddH2O, and 1–3 μL template DNA with a total reaction volume of 25 μL. Thermal cycling was as above except annealing at 53 °C, extending for 70 s, and a total of 35 cycles. To determine reaction success, PCR products were electrophoresed in 1% agarose stained with ethidium bromide. PCR products were outsourced for Sanger sequencing either by the Advanced Genetic Technologies Center (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) or Beckman Coulter Genomics (Danvers, MA, USA) using labelled dideoxy-nucleotides with ABI 3730, Big-Dye Terminator mix v. 3.0 or with ABI PRISM 3730xl, BigDye Terminator mix v. 3.1 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA).

DNA assembly and phylogenetic analysis

Bi-directional sequences were aligned and edited using Geneious Pro (v. 6.1.5; Drummond et al. 2009) and multiple alignments were assembled using MAFFT (v. 5; Katoh et al. 2006) using the default settings and refined by eye. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses were conducted on a concatenated (using MacClade v. 4.08; Maddison and Maddison 2000) 1,313-character total evidence data set (COI = 723 bp, 28S = 590 bp) using Garli (v. 2.01; Zwickl 2006). The data were partitioned by gene region and codon position (COI: 3 partitions; 28S: unpartitioned, total of 4 partitions). We applied the most complex model available (GTR+I+G; Rodriguez et al. 1990) to each partition as per recommendations of Huelsenbeck and Rannala (2004). We conducted a 20-replicate ML search for the tree of highest log-likelihood and a 500-replicate ML bootstrap analysis (Felsenstein 1985). Both analyses used the default settings. The data sets analyzed herein are available from the authors upon request.

Results

Phylogenetic considerations

Here we treat a number of species from Thailand and propose 10 new genera. Most of these are demonstratively monophyletic and morphologically distinct; however, some compromises are made due to poor resolution in the phylogenetic analysis. The tree of highest log-likelihood is presented in Figure 1, with the ML bootstrap values plotted on nodes with ≥50% bootstrap support.

Figure 1.

Tree of highest log-likelihood from 20 ML search reps of the combined COI+28S data set with bootstrap values ≥50% plotted at the nodes.

In the case of the Thai fauna treated here, there were a number of options in terms of the number of genera that could be proposed. The criteria that I (MJS) used in making decisions on generic limits were: to recognize those monophyletic clades with high (usually > 90%) ML bootstrap support values (Fig. 1), which are also clearly diagnosed by morphological character states, and the recognition of which would not render other genera paraphyletic. A secondary criterion was to rely solely on potential morphological synapomorphies when they were not contradicted by molecular evidence, as in the case of (see below). Most of the genera are well-supported by molecular evidence as demonstrated in Figure 1 and by morphological synapomorphies; e.g., , , , , , and . However, was polyphyletic forming two clades. The members of clades are not distinct morphologically, and they share the character state of lacking a lobe at the base of the tarsal claws. Rather than dividing into two indistinguishable genera, we prefer to continue to recognize the current concept. , , , , , and are each represented by only one species; therefore there are no nodes from which to obtain bootstrap values. However, all are on relatively long branches on the total evidence tree, all have distinct autapomorphies, and none renders another taxon paraphyletic (Fig. 1). PageBreakPageBreakis most likely a paraphyletic genus. Although members have similarities, there is not a morphological or molecular autapomorphy for the group. The ML bootstrap values (plotted on Fig. 1) support multiple monophyletic clades of , but none of these have an obvious morphological autapomorphy. Rather than propose a number of vague genera, I (MJS) thought it best to propose a conservative hypothesis in the interest of stability.

Discussions of each genus are presented below in alphabetical order

: The genus was described and revised by Sharkey and Stoelb (2013). The thin interantennal crest is an autapomorphy for the genus, though convergently found in and in a few species of a few other genera; e.g., .

: is the sole species. Morphological autapomorphies are the squared temples (Fig. 2) and the labial palpus reduced to 2 segments. The former character state is rarely found in other agathidine genera such as and convergently in a few New World and . In the tree in Figure 1 it appears as sister to the clade + ; however there is no bootstrap support for this relationship. The branch leading to the terminus is the longest of all branches, a fact that further erodes confidence in its placement.

Figure 2.

holotype female: a labial palpus, arrows indicate the two palpomeres b lateral habitus c dorsal head d wings; arrows from top to bottom indicate: RS vein; minute second submarginal cell; angle in cu-a crossvein of hind wing e anterodorsal head, arrows indicate ridge between antennae f lateral head g lateral mesosoma h dorsal mesonotum i dorsal propodeum j dorsal metasoma.

: This genus is sister to one of the clades in the total evidence tree (Fig. 1). The rugose sculpture of the mesosoma is a proposed autapomorphy; however, even rougher sculpture occurs in Southeast Asian specimens that author MJS has viewed which may not be congeneric.

: , the strict definition of which was proposed by Sharkey et al. (2009), is restricted to those Old World agathidines with simple tarsal claws. This autapomorphy is convergently found in all , a Neotropical genus, and in a few species of other genera such as . is polyphyletic in the ML tree (Fig. 1); and the polyphyly is not resolved in the ML bootstrap tree (not shown). Interestingly, both COI and 28S gene-trees (analyzed as above; not shown) are completely congruent with the tree in Figure 1 regarding , showing the same species membership in the 2 clades. Because there are no obvious morphological character states to distinguish either of the two clades of , we choose to retain the genus as it is until more data confirm that it is not monophyletic.

: This is an Old World genus, primarily tropical, that is sister to the New World genus in Figure 1 (but see Fig. 1 in Sharkey and Chapman 2015). Both lack strong sculpture on the metasomal median tergites and possess granulate sculpture on metasomal median tergites 1–3.

: An interantennal crest is shared convergently with members of . Another autapomorphy is the relatively dense pilosity on the scutellar triangle and the lateral areas of the propodeum. The total evidence tree (Fig. 1) shows a sister-group relationship with (( + ) ) but this relationship lacks bootstrap support.

: An autapomorphy for the genus is that the second median tergite is covered with strong smooth striae that end evenly at the apex of the tergite with the striae forming a semicircular pattern anteromedially. This is convergently found in some species of . It is sister to on the total evidence tree (Fig. 1), supported with a bootstrap value of 90.

: An autapomorphy for the genus is that the antennal sockets are margined with carinae. Other possible autapomorphies include the interantennal space with a longitudinal depression and the squared temples, the latter of which is shared convergently with . Possession of margined antennal sockets is a character state shared by several distantly related New World genera, e.g., and , as well as some genera of and . is sister to on the total evidence tree (Fig. 1), supported with a bootstrap value of 90.

: This genus possesses two autapomorphic character states: notauli absent, and median tergite 1 smooth, lacking sculpture. It is sister to in the total evidence tree but the relationship lacks bootstrap support (Fig. 1). Many agathidines from Australia share these two autapomorphies. The one Australian specimen with these characteristics for which we obtained 28S and COI data does not fall within the clade examined herein (unpublished).

: An autapomorphy is the median carina of the first median tergite which is as strong as, or stronger than, the lateral carinae. It is sister to + but this relationship lacks bootstrap support (Fig. 1).

: There are two autapomorphic character states. The vertex has rough sculpture and the labial palpus, normally 4-segmented, is 3-segmented, with the third palpomere lacking. The total evidence tree (Fig. 1) shows this genus arising early in the evolution of this group and is sister to a clade containing all genera except , , and .

: It is sister to in the total evidence tree, but the relationship has a low bootstrap support (Fig. 1; bootstrap value = 64). The pale coloration (particularly the yellow head) is autapomorphic. Other potential autapomorphic states are the hyaline wings and the smooth second median tergite.

: There are no obvious morphological synapomorphies for and its monophyly is not supported (Fig. 1). Most species have fine longitudinal striations on the second metasomal median tergite and most have a white transverse band on the same tergite. Neither of these is universal and the striations are found in other genera. Members of are recovered in five separate clades in the total evidence tree (Fig. 1). Monophyly of the genus is not falsified in the total evidence bootstrap tree (not shown) where seven clades fall into a large polytomy that includes all genera in the tree except , , and . Although monophyly of is dubious, it seems preferable to the alternative of erecting new genera for weakly supported clades that have little or no morphological or sequence support.

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Descriptions

Note: The text in bold font in the diagnoses below show a minimum set of character states to distinguish the taxon. The numbers preceded with the letter H are unique identifiers associated with each specimen.

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/BF65FFF9-3E72-4294-ABB1-F20BD2027EE5

Type species.

Sharkey, sp. n.

Etymology.

Aga (from ); thigma is Greek for touch, here used as a reference to the reduced 2-segmented palpi. Feminine.

Diagnosis.

Body except for fore and mid legs black, hind leg entirely black. Fore wing slightly infuscate in distal half. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly approaching the median ocellus. Temple squared in dorsal view. Labial palpus reduced to 2 segments; presumably palpomere 3 is one of the two lost palpomeres. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle smooth with weak sparse punctures. Ventral margin of hind coxal cavities situated below dorsal margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins. First median tergite almost entirely irregularly striate, lateral longitudinal carina prominent. Second median tergite slightly wider than long and entirely smooth with hints of short striae and some very weak coriarious microsculpture.

Distribution and diversity.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Mae Wong National Park, Thailand.

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/983A6820-7326-4051-9683-5A35EDD0BE93

Named after Jimmy Temple, childhood friend of the first author; the fact that the temples are squared may be coincidental.

Body length 4.7 mm. Ovipositor length/body length ratio = 1.0. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly approaching the median ocellus. Antenna with 30 flagellomeres. Labial palp reduced, 2-segmented. Notauli pitted anteriorly, smooth posteriorly where they converge. Scutellar triangle and its posterior surface unusually smooth. Scutellar groove with 1 longitudinal ridge. Fore tibia lacking spines or pegs; mid tibia with 3 pegs; hind tibia with 5 pegs. Basal lobe of tarsal claws large and right-angled, claw only extending slightly beyond apex of lobe. RS vein of fore wing slightly sinuate. Second submarginal cell minute. Hind tibial spurs melanic. Hind tibia entirely melanic. Cu-a crossvein of hind wing bent at point where it is intersected by vein Cub.

Specimens examined.

Holotype 2♀♀ (H415): THAILAND, Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Wong NP Chong Yen, , 1306 m, Malaise trap, 20–27.viii.2007, Piluek C. & Inpuang A. leg.

Distribution.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Mae Wong National Park, Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/22WV8JD

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/DF7D4C7E-A82A-4F34-8226-6B850C3F07EC

Sharkey, sp. n.

Asper is Latin for rough; here it is in reference to the rugose sculpture on the thoracic pleura of members of the genus. Feminine.

Body predominantly black; head including orbits of eyes black; dorsal apex of pronotum pale yellow or yellowish brown; metasomal terga all black. Fore wing slightly infuscate in apical half or entirely clear/hyaline. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a shallow crest; between the crest and the median ocellus there is a triangular depression flanked by weak smooth carinae. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere not greatly reduced, about 1/2 as long as apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and entirely sculptured. . Scutellar triangle rugose or with deep sparse punctures. . Ventral margin of hind coxal cavities situated below dorsal margin of metasomal foramen. Spines or pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia present or absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing varying from minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins, to petiolate with petiole slightly longer than cell diameter. First median tergite mostly to about 1/2 irregularly striate, lateral longitudinal carina prominent. Second median tergite slightly wider than PageBreaklong and entirely smooth with some very weak coriarious microsculpture, varying to almost entirely irregularly longitudinally striate, with striae terminating evenly near apex of tergite.

Thailand, but undoubtedly more widespread.

Biology.

Unknown.

Figure 1.

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/898E350A-2A6F-4901-913F-7C04054FC4BB

Asper is Latin for rough and refers to the sculpture of the second metasomal median tergite.

Body length 7.6 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 1.0. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly and then divides into two short carinae that diverge to either side of the median ocellus. Antenna with 38 flagellomeres. 3rd labial (penultimate) palpomere long, about ½ as long as apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 3-4 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with about 9 thickened spines concolorous with normal setae; mid tibia with 7 pegs; hind tibia with 8 pegs.

, holotype female: a lateral habitus b fore wing c hind wing d dorsal head e lateral head f lateral mesosoma g dorsal thorax h propodeum and metasomal terga 1-2.

Holotype ♀ (H274): THAILAND, Phetchabun , Thung Salaeng Luang NP, Pine forest; Gang Wang Nam Yen, , 732 m, Malaise trap, 15–22.vi.2007, Pongpitak & Sathit leg.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1T5FqXj

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/A2028B25-6FEF-45D6-980E-A1375A966D5F

Xestos is Greek for smooth and refers to the smooth second metasomal median tergite.

Body length 4.5 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 1.1. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly and then divides into two short carinae that diverge to either side of the median ocellus. Antenna with 32 flagellomeres. 3rd labial (penultimate) palpomere long, more than ½ as long as apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia lacking thickened spines; mid tibia with 6 pegs; hind tibia with 10 pegs.

Holotype female: a lateral habitus b fore wing c dorsal head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H095): THAILAND, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Lawn near Sab Somboon forest unit, , 648m, Malaise trap, 26.xi–3.xii.2006, Tawit Jaruphan leg. Paratype ♀ (H1682): Same data as holotype.

Known only from the type specimens collected in Tat Tone National Park, Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1VPL5H8

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/19BD7E73-FE7C-4947-B3B2-4B2F5C32E41C

Sharkey, sp. n.

Chimaera is a mythological Greek monster with a goat’s body, lion’s head, and serpent’s tail. In this case, the name is a reference to the many diagnostic characters of the genus which are a combination of features each of which diagnoses other agathidine genera, e.g., crest between antennae, fore tibia with thickened spines. Feminine.

Metapleuron, scutellum, and all but median cell of propodeum thickly setose. Head, including orbits of eye, black; mesosoma black; metasoma variable. Fore wing slightly infuscate in apical half or entirely clear/hyaline. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a high crest that is sharply declivous posteriorly; between the crest and the median ocellus there is a triangular depression flanked by weak smooth carinae. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere small, less than 1/3 length of apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle rugose. Ventral margin of hind coxal cavities situated below dorsal margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia present. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing varying from minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins, to petiolate with petiole longer than cell diameter. First median tergite partly or mostly irregularly striate to rugosostriate, otherwise smooth; lateral carina present, sometimes weak; median carina present, sometimes weak. Second median tergite wider than long and smooth or mostly smooth with some irregular striae.

Undescribed species are found in other Southeast Asian countries.

Unknown.

Figure 1.

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/46EB8961-A3DE-4951-B077-459C9F7481F5

Chrysoma is Greek for an object made of gold and is a reference to the gold colored setae on the mesosoma.

Body length 6.9 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.8. Antenna with 42 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about 1/3 as long as apical palpomere. Propleuron convex, lacking distinct bump. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with 2 pegs; mid tibia with 5 pegs; hind tibia with 4 pegs. Basal lobe of tarsal claws large, right-angled; claw extending slightly beyond apex of lobe.

holotype female: a lateral habitus b wings c anterolateral head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum and metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H710): THAILAND, Petchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP km33/helipad, , 735 m, Malaise trap, 18-25.v.2009, Sirichai leg.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/29nOQlL

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/664E801F-8A72-40E1-99A6-48FC848F974B

Eurys is Greek for wide; soma is Greek for body. The species name refers to the wide metasoma of this species.

Body length 4.8 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.7. Antenna with 34 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about 1/3 as long as apical palpomere. Propleuron convex, lacking distinct bump. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with 3 pegs; mid tibia with 4 pegs; hind tibia with 3 pegs. Basal lobe of tarsal claws large, right-angled; claw extending slightly beyond apex of lobe.

, female paratypes: a lateral habitus b wings c anterolateral head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H925): THAILAND, Petchaburi, Kaeng Krachan NP, km33/helipad, , 735 m, Malaise trap, 25.i–4.ii.2009, Sirichai leg. Paratypes: THAILAND: ♀ (H321), Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP Khao Look Glang , Malaise trap, 28.ix–5.x.2008, Yai Amnad leg. ♀ (H242), Trang, Khao Pu-Khao Ya NP, , 75 m, Malaise trap, 28.ii–1.iii.2006 M Sharkey leg. ♀ (H649), Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, nature trail/fern, , 50 m, Malaise trap, 1–8.v.2009, Suthida Charoenchai leg. ♀ (H335), Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut NP, nature trail/Banyan tree, , 90 m, Malaise trap, 1–8.v.2009, Suthida Charoenchai leg. ♀ (H045), Trang, nr. nam Tok Ton Prew Kae Chong, MT, 140 m, , 28.i–3.ii.2005 D Lohman. ♀ (H069), Trang, nr. nam Tok Ton Prew Kae Chong, MT, 140 m, , 4–11.ii.2005 D Lohman.

Known only from the type specimens collected in Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1WNrlTX

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/54EB7934-9C28-47C5-924C-ECD9A8425A41

Named after David Lohman, who collected of one of the specimens in the type series and who serviced Malaise traps in Trang Province for many months.

Body length 6.2 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.8. Antenna with 39 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about 1/3–1/2 as long as apical palpomere. Propleuron convex, lacking distinct bump. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with 1 peg; mid tibia with 3 pegs; hind tibia with 4 pegs. Basal lobe of tarsal claws large, right-angled; claw extending slightly beyond apex of lobe.

. a and c–h Holotype female b fore wing of paratype H412 c anterolateral head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H072), THAILAND, Trang, Ampuh Nayong Khaochong, , 75 m, 14–16.ii.2005, Mal. trap D Lohman. Paratypes: THAILAND: ♀ (H077), Trang, Khaochong, , 75 m, 13.vi.2005, Mal. trap. ♀ (H412), Surat Thani, Khao Sok NP Klong Morg Unit, , 87 m, Malaise trap, 10–17.ii.2009, Pongphan leg. Malaysia: 2♀♀ (H5932, H5935), Perlis, Wang Kelian, , 2008, Sharkey and Norliyana.

Known only from the type specimens collected in northern Malaysia and southern Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1r7TE3x

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/5B95835D-D202-428C-BFAF-C3D8564B55B1

Sharkey, sp. n.

Cymato is Greek for wave; here it is a reference for the uniform, large, wave-like striae on metasomal median tergite 2. Feminine.

Body predominantly black, mesosoma all black, metasomal terga all black, head black except posterior orbit of eyes partly orange. Fore wing slightly infuscate in apical PageBreakhalf. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly approaching the median ocellus. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere not greatly reduced, more than 1/2 as long as apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle with dense punctures or aciculations. Ventral margin of hind coxal cavities situated below dorsal margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia present. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins. First median tergite evenly and completely covered in strong striae, lateral carinae strong but partly obscured by sculpture. Second median tergite wider than long. Second median tergite entirely covered with strong striae that end evenly at apex of tergite; striae forming semicircular pattern anteromedially.

Known only from the type species in Thailand but probably widespread throughout Southeast Asia.

Unknown

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/78E27E64-BCA3-42D8-B0A9-AF01715ED249

Krikoma is Greek for ring and refers to the half ring-shaped carina on median tergite two.

Body length 6.0 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.9. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with 4 thickened melanic spines; mid tibia with 3 pegs; hind tibia with 4 pegs. Flagellomeres rather pale colored. Posterior orbit of eye orange. Sternaulus deeply sculptured and long. Metapleuron rugose over most of surface.

paratype female: a lateral habitus b wings c dorsal head, arrow indicating orange posterior orbit d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3, arrow indicating semicircular carina on median tergite 2.

Holotype ♀ (H276), THAILAND, Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Water tank at Tat Fah waterfall, , 245 m, Malaise trap, 19–26.iii.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong leg. Paratypes: THAILAND: ♀ (H290), Chaiyaphum , Tat Tone NP, Officer house at Tat Fah waterfall, , 242 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.iii.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong leg. ♀ (H5924), Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone NP, Forest fire Protection station, , 195 m, Malaise trap, 3–9.vi.2006, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong leg. ♀ (H2401), Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP Check point, , 921 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.v.2007, Leng Janteab leg. ♀ (H483), Mae Hong Son, Namtok Mae Surin NP, Haad Saen, , Malaise trap, 27.iv–4.v.2008, Na-maadkam, leg.

Known only from the specimens collected in Thailand but (Bhat and Gupta) from Philippines may belong here. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1SWUYfQ

Achterberg & Long, 2010

Antennal sockets margined, completely or at least laterally and medially, with carinae. Interantennal space with a longitudinal depression bordered by carinae. Temples squared in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere minute, barely visible, much smaller than apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle smooth or rugose. Ventral margin of hind coxal cavities situated below or in line with dorsal margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae

There are four species, all of which are restricted to the Oriental region (Taiwan, Philippines, and Viet Nam, Thailand). The three previously described species may be distinguished most easily from sp. n. by the extensive pale color (yellow to orange) on their mesonota. Achterberg and Long (2010), described the genus and the new species from Viet Nam. They also transferred three species to the new genus, viz. (Bhat & Gupta, 1977) (Chou & Sharkey, 1989) and (Chen & Yang, 2006). The species described here , is strikingly different from other members of the genus in aspects of sculpture, dimensions, and color, and may belong in its own genus. Molecular data for the described species are lacking to confirm or refute this suspicion.

New combinations.

(Bhat and Gupta), comb. n., from . Contrary to Achterberg and Long (2010) (Chen & Yang, 2006) is a member of , comb. n.

Unknown.

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/FECBAA53-5CAD-4F8D-9394-6B6A531A5265

Leucosoma is Greek for white body. The species name refers to the dense white setae on the metapleuron.

Body length 6.1 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.9. Antenna missing after 28th flagellomere. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about 1/3 as long as apical palpomere. Propleuron with distinct bump near ventral margin. Scutellar groove with 5 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia without pegs or thickened spines; mid tibia with 6 pegs; hind tibia with 13 pegs.

, female holotype. a lateral habitus b wings c dorsal head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3.

Unknown.

Holotype ♀ (H275), THAILAND, Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai NP, Lum Ta Kong View Point, , 732 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.iv.2007, Wirat Sukho leg.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1SWVgDh

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/9B9284AB-0B40-4B80-8A81-851E04E8C174

Sharkey, sp. n.

Leuros is Greek for smooth, level, polished and refers to the lack of notauli and smooth metasomal terga. Feminine.

Head and mesosoma orange and black (head with black in ocellar triangle only); metasomal terga predominantly black with some white. Fore wing slightly infuscate in apical half. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly and then divides into two short indistinct carinae that approach the median ocellus. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere small, less than 1/3 length of apical palpomere. Notauli completely absent. Scutellar triangle smooth with weak sparse punctures. Ventral margin of hind coxal cavities situated below dorsal margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins. First median tergite smooth, lacking microsculpture and carina. Second median tergite wider than long. Second median tergite smooth.

Known only from the type species from Thailand. The few Australian for which we have COI data do not belong here.

Unknown.

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5AEB324A-084A-48DF-9FC1-FBDEA27D954A

Named in honor of Mr. Paul Baker who obtained the highest mark (100%) in the written exam of Ent. 770 in the fall of 2015.

Body length 4.5 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.8. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly and then divides into two short carinae that approach the median ocellus. Antenna with 29 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere small but easily visible, much smaller than apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 6 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with 7-8 thickened spines; mid tibia with 9 pegs; hind tibia with 12 pegs. First median tergite produced laterally around spiracles. Second median tergite widened apically.

holotype female: a lateral habitus b wings c dorsal head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H369), THAILAND, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, foot of Khao Taen, , 1 m, Malaise trap, 17–24.v.2009, Yai Amnad leg.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park, Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/29hEQ95

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/70594E06-7AC3-4C4F-96EA-6E95B3F5FE3C

Sharkey, sp. n.

Lira is Latin for ridge, as in the ridge made by a plow in the earth; it is a reference to the median longitudinal ridge on the first metasomal median tergite. Feminine.

Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly approaching the median ocellus. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere, about 1/2 length of apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle smooth or rugose. Dorsal margin of hind coxal cavities situated above ventral-most margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing varying from minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins, to petiolate with petiole longer than cell diameter. First median tergite mostly with irregular striae, lateral and median carinae strong. Second median tergite wider than long. Second median tergite from mostly smooth with weak striae restricted to transverse depression, to almost completely striate; in the two species the mostly smooth anteromedial area has transverse or semicircular rugosities, much weaker but otherwise similar to those of .

Known from India, Indonesia (Java) and Thailand.

has been reared from ().

(Bhat and Gupta), comb. n. from . (Bhat and Gupta), comb. n. from .

key

key

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/71A70AB7-C1EB-457B-BD59-579A07AD192E

Bao is Thai for light and nai is Thai for eye. The name refers to the pale color of the superior orbit of the eye.

Body length 6.0 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 1.0. Antenna with 35 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about ½ as long as apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Propodeum rugose and mostly glabrous. Superior orbit of eye orange, posterior orbit also orange. Mesoscutum mostly punctate.

paratype female: a lateral habitus b hind tibia and tarsus c wings d dorsal head e lateral head f lateral mesosoma g dorsal thorax h propodeum and metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H360), THAILAND, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong NP, behind campground lavatory, , 80 m, Malaise trap, 9–16.ix.2008, U-prai leg. Paratypes: ♀ (H282) THAILAND, Trang, Khao Pu-Khao Ya NP, , 145 m, Malaise trap, 2–9.xii.2005 M Sharkey leg. MALAYSIA: 2♀♀ (H5928, H16987), Pahang, Kuala Lompat, 1.ix.1999, , Nor Zaneedarwaty leg. ♀ (H16988), Selangor, Kuala Sawit, , 22.xi.1999, Nor Zaneedarwaty leg.

Known only from the specimens collected in Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/23QN2Ik

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/DC404004-2052-4A4C-8180-6D012BF3CFE9

Dam is Thai for black and nai is Thai for eye. The name refers to the black color of the superior orbit of the eye.

Body length 5.3 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.7. Antenna with 33 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about ½ as long as apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia lacking pegs; mid tibia with 3 pegs; hind tibia with 6 pegs. Fore tibia lacking pegs; mid tibia with 3 pegs; hind tibia with 6–8 pegs. Propodeum rugose but with discernible large areolae as in some species. Superior orbit of eye black, posterior orbit orange. Mesoscutum mostly rugose.

paratype female: a dorsal head b lateral habitus b hind tibia and tarsus c dorsal thorax d scutellum and propodeum e metasomal terga 1-3 f fore wing g hind wing.

Holotype ♀ (H468), THAILAND Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao WS, Pha Tang unit, , 526 m, Malaise trap, 24–31.iii.2008, Songkran & Apichart leg. Paratypes: THAILAND: ♀ (H999), Lampang Chae Son NP, Youthcamp/meeting hall, , 476 m, Malaise trap, 15-22.iii.2008 B Kwannui & A. Sukpeng leg. ♀ (H2416), Lampang Chae Son NP Youthcamp, , 455 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.iv.2008 B Kwannui & A. Sukpeng leg. ♀ (H397), Chiang Mai, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, , 17–24.ii.2009, MT K Kaewjanta & R. Sawkord leg.

Known only from the specimens collected in Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/22WZjoH

(Bhat and Gupta)

Bhat & Gupta, 1977.

Body length 6.0 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.8. Antenna with 33 flagellomeres. Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about ½ as long as apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia lacking pegs; mid tibia with 4 pegs; hind tibia with 5 pegs. Posterior orbit of eye orange. Mesoscutum, scutellum, pronotum and part of mesopleuron orange. Second median tergite wide, about two times wider than long. Similar to (Bhat and Gupta). Second submarginal cell of much larger.

female: a lateral habitus b wings c dorsal head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum and metasomal terga 1-3 h holotype lateral habitus.

Holotype ♀, Indonesia, Java, Bogor (=Buitenzorg), 15.ix.1956, ex. M Satarchi, USNM, examined). Other: Indonesia: 5♀♀, 2♂♂ (H16989 - H16992), Central Java, Tepus, , 7.v.1990, host sp. [], coll. G.C. Luther (EMEC).Thailand: ♀ (H628), Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP check point, , 924 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.v.2007, Noopean Hongyothi leg. ♀ (H458), Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP check point, , 921 m, Malaise trap, 28.iv–5.v.2007, Leng Janteab leg. ♀ (H2406), Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP check point , 921 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.v.2007, Leng Janteab leg. ♀ (H419), Kanchanaburi, Khuean Srinagarindra NP, Tha Thung-na/Chong Kraborg, , 210 m, Malaise trap, 19–26.iii.2009, Boonnam & Phumarin leg. ♀ (H366), Kanchanaburi, Khuean Srinagarindra NP, Tha Thung-na/Chong Kraborg, , 210 m, Malaise trap, 26.iii–2.iv.2009, Boonnam & Phumarin leg.

Known only from the specimens collected in Thailand and Indonesia. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/2ajVCca

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/AF5DB06A-7A3F-466D-85A0-ABA92D2D2F85

Sharkey, sp. n.

Scaber is Latin for rough, scabby, mangy; here it refers to the rough (rugose) sculpture on the vertex of the head. Feminine.

Vertex of head with rugose sculpture. Head and mesosoma both black and orange; metasomal terga mostly black; base of first median tergite whitish; basal half of second median tergite whitish yellow. Fore wing hyaline, not more infuscate in distal half. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere absent, palpus 3-segmented. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle rugose. Dorsal margin of hind coxal cavities situated above ventral-most margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. PageBreakPageBreakSecond submarginal cell of fore wing minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins. First median tergite entirely, finely, irregularly striate; lateral carina weak. Second median tergite longer than wide. Second median tergite entirely, finely, irregularly striate, with striae ending evenly near apex of tergite.

Known only from the type species from Thailand.

Unknown.

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/61C5A34B-8C38-4DEA-ADC5-016B42790918

Named in honor of Ms. Emily Nadeau who obtained the highest mark in the weekly quizzes of Ent. 770 in the fall of 2015.

Body length 5.1 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.6. Antenna with 31 flagellomeres. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia without thickened spines or pegs; mid tibia with 2 pegs; hind tibia missing. First median tergite whitish at extreme base. Second median tergite whitish in basal half.

holotype female: a lateral habitus b wings c dorsal head d lateral head e lateral mesosoma f dorsal thorax g propodeum h metasomal terga 1-3.

Holotype ♀ (H033), Thailand, Trang, Nayong, Khaochong, 24–27.vi.2005, , 75 m, Malaise trap.

Known only from the type specimen collected in Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/29kPFrZ

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/0F3C1E89-8BBF-4E66-BEAC-352EDA3AF1BB

Bhat & Gupta, 1977

Trochanter comes from the Greek trochalos meaning running; here it is a reference the pair of ridges on the hind trochantellus which are diagnostic for the genus. Feminine.

Head (including posterior orbit of eye) and mesosoma black; metasomal tergites black or black and pale yellow. Fore wing hyaline, not infuscate in distal half. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation that narrows to a short ridge posteriorly and then divides into two short indistinct carinae that approach the lateral margins of the median ocellus. Temple rounded in dorsal view. 3rd labial palpomere minute, barely visible, much smaller than apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle rugose. Dorsal margin of hind coxal cavities situated above ventral-most margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia present. Hind trochantellus with pair of longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing varying from about the same diameter as vein Rs about 3x that diameter. First median tergite usually entirely striate, sometimes partly smooth, especially basally; lateral and medial carinae strong. Second median tergite wider than long and varying from completely PageBreakand smoothly striate, to mostly smooth with weak smooth striae; semicircular pattern of striae usually present anteromedially.

Known from Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, but undoubtedly more widespread in the Oriental Region. Based on the analysis of sequence data presented in Figure 1 there are three species of from Thailand. The females of these species are very similar whereas the males appear to be quite different from one another. Males of the more melanic species are almost entirely melanic whereas the males of the other species are only slightly more melanic than their female conspecifics. With the limited molecular data at hand, the sexual dimorphism, and the similarity of the females of the three putative species, it is not possible to tell with confidence which species, if any, corresponds with the type of . Therefore, we choose not to describe the two or three new species at this time. The specimens from Vietnam placed in , Achterberg and Long 2010 need verification. They match well with the type except for minor color differences, but so too do the three Thai species. The images of Figure 17 are of a congeneric (and perhaps conspecific) male and female (specimens H799 and H965). These images present better illustrations of the generic characters discussed above as well as the color sexual dimorphism.

Figure 17.

, female: a lateral habitus b labial palp, arrow indicates minute third palpomere c wings d dorsal head e lateral head f lateral mesosoma g dorsal thorax h propodeum i metasomal terga 1-3.

Unknown.

(Bhat and Gupta), comb. n., from .

(Bhat and Gupta) comb. n.

Bhat & Gupta 1977

, Achterberg & Long, 2010

Body length 5.6 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.7. Antennae broken (37–38 flagellomeres in Thai congenerics). Third labial (penultimate) palpomere about 1/5 as long as apical palpomere. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia with 2 pegs; mid tibia with 5 pegs; hind tibia with 5 pegs.

holotype female: a dorsal habitus b hind femur showing one of the two ridges on the trochantellus.

? female: a lateral habitus b propodeum and metasomal terga 1-2 c fore wing d detail of ridges on trochantellus of hind leg e lateral view of hind leg and metasoma of male (H965); note melanic color of hind coxa and femur.

Holotype ♀, Malaysia, Sabah, Bettotan nr. Sandakan, 15.viii.1927 (FSCA).

Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand. For a distribution map of the Thai specimens go to: http://bit.ly/1VK7I0a

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/0F3C1E89-8BBF-4E66-BEAC-352EDA3AF1BB

Achterberg & Long, 2010.

Xantho is Greek for yellow and is a reference to the predominantly yellow color of the known species. Feminine.

Head yellow, mesosoma and metasoma predominantly yellow, with or without melanic areas. Fore wing hyaline. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation, with a weak shallow ridge posteriorly not as elevated as the triangular elevation. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Third labial palpomere minute, barely visible, much smaller than apical palpomere. Notauli depressed and partly or entirely pitted. Scutellar triangle smooth with weak sparse punctures. Dorsal margin of hind coxal cavities situated above ventral-most margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing minute, cell about the same diameter as wing veins. First median tergite entirely, finely, irregularly striate; lateral carina weak. Second median tergite wider than long. Second median tergite smooth.

Viet Nam and Thailand. See below for the distribution of the Thai specimens.

Unknown.

(Achterberg and Long) comb. n.

Achterberg & Long, 2010

Body length 3.7 mm; ovipositor length/body length ratio = 0.64. Interantennal space with a flat triangular elevation, with a weak shallow ridge posteriorly not as elevated as the triangular elevation. Antenna with 27 flagellomeres. Third labial PageBreakPageBreakpalpomere reduced, barely visible, much smaller than apical palpomere. Notauli pitted throughout. Scutellar groove with 3 longitudinal ridges. Fore tibia lacking spines; mid tibia with 6 pegs; hind tibia with 5 pegs. The Thai specimen in Figure 17 differs from the holotype in the lack of a melanic patch distally on hind femur.

Variation.

Color usually entirely xanthic (yellow) except for brown as follows: most wing veins including stigma, antenna, hind tarsus and apex of hind tibia. Some specimens are more melanic with brown color extending to propodeum, most of hind leg and parts of most terga.

For a distribution map of the Thai specimens go to: http://bit.ly/1SWVASF

Sharkey gen. n.

http://zoobank.org/89E3D8D8-60B7-419A-8129-9D49A0D21EAD

Sharkey, sp. n.

Zoster is Greek for belt; here it is a reference to the white band present on the second metasomal median tergite of most species. Feminine.

Fore wing hyaline, not infuscate in distal half. Antennal sockets not margined with carinae. Temple rounded in dorsal view. Notauli depressed and partly PageBreakor entirely pitted. Dorsal margin of hind coxal cavities situated above ventral-most margin of metasomal foramen. Pegs on anterior surface of fore tibia absent. Hind trochantellus lacking longitudinal carinae. Second submarginal cell of fore wing petiolate, small to minute. First median tergite entirely, finely, irregularly striate; lateral carina weak. Second median tergite more than 2x longer than wide. Second median tergite usually entirely, finely, irregularly, striate with striae ending evenly near apex of tergite, rarely striae partly absent. Some species have reduced striae on second median tergite and are recognized by the lack of apomorphic structures that distinguish other closely related genera, e.g., claws not simple, interantennal space without a sharply declivous keel, first median tergite without prominent lateral carina or medial carina, fore tarsus without spines or pegs.

Australian, Ethiopian, Oceania, Oriental, and eastern Palearctic regions.

Hosts are unknown for all Thai species; however, there are records for three extra-Thai species. These appear to suggest that the host range is wide. The records are: was reared from (: ) (Nixon 1950). (Achterberg and Long) from Vietnam was reared from “ (: : ) on soybean ( (Linnaeus)), according to the label data”, (Achterberg and Long 2010). (Muesebeck) was reared from , the oriental fruit moth, (: ). Many other from a wide range of families are listed by Yu et al. (2012) as hosts of , e.g., , , , , and .

New species combinations

Below is a list of all new combinations that I am aware of. Since the limits, and even the monophyly, of are uncertain the list will undoubtedly change in the future.

(Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n. from

(Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n. from

(Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Nixon, 1950), comb. n. from

(Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n. from

(Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Muesebeck, 1953), comb. n. from

(Sharkey, 1996), comb. n. from

(Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n. from

(Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n. from

(Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n. from

(Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n. from

(Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Watanabe, 1970), (syn. of , syn. by Sharkey, 1996), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Achterberg & Long, 2010), comb. n. from

(Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n. from

(Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n. from

Sharkey sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/36F4AC69-A720-4648-9159-13AF0ECDDE89

Named after the type locality Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park.

Fore coxa yellow. Hind femur black. Second median tergite mostly pale in anterior half and mostly melanic in posterior half. Scutellum sculpture smooth with punctures. Second median tergite dimensions as wide as long or wider.

: a lateral habitus b fore wing c hind wing d anterior head e lateral head f lateral mesosoma g dorsal mesoscutum h propodeum and median tergites 1-3.

Description.

Body length 5.4 mm. Ovipositor length 3.3 mm. Ovipositor 0.6 × body length. Number of flagellomeres 31. Notauli sculpture not significantly wider posteriorly. Scutellum smooth with punctures. Mid tibia with 3 apical and 2 preapical spines. Hind tibia with 8 spines/pegs. Second submarginal cell diameter small, smaller than pedicel length, but larger than pedicel width

Wing hyaline with an infuscate patch posterior to stigma. Second median tergite 0.9 × longer than wide. Second median tergite entirely striate, striae weak anteromedially where they converge medially. Color: head black except gena yellow; mesosoma black; fore and mid coxa yellow; posterior margin of first median tergite yellow; anterior half of second median tergite yellow.

Material examined.

Holotype: ♀ (H2418): THAILAND, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, Khao Look Glang, , Malaise trap, 8-15.iii.2009 (H2418), Yai Amnad. Paratypes: All ♀: THAILAND, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, foot of Khao Taen, , 1 m elev., Malaise trap, 3–10.v.2009 (H638, H968), Yai Amnad; Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, 30 m, N/protection unit4, , 1 m elev., Malaise trap, 3–10.v.2009 (H973, T4824) 24-31.v.2009 (H490), Yai Amnad; Lampang, Chae Son NP, Youthcamp, , 455 m elev., Malaise trap, 1–7.iv.2008 (H901) B Kwannui & A. Sukpeng; Mae Hong Son, Namtok Mae Surin NP, Haad Saen, , Malaise trap, 27.iv–4.v.2008 (H481), Na-maadkam, M; Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP, Saline wetland/Pa Gwad/N, , Malaise trap, 15–22.iii.2009 (H670), Yai Amnad.

Known only from the specimens collected in Thailand. For a distribution map go to: http://bit.ly/1MPrTqu

1	A1. Fore and mid claws cleft. A2. Ovipositor variable, often barely exerted or shorter than 1/2 length of metasoma, rarely longer.	Disophrini and Cremnoptini
–	B1. Fore and mid claws simple with or without a basal lobe. B2. Ovipositor longer than 1/2 length of metasoma	2
2	A. Median tergite 1 entirely smooth	20
–	B. Median tergite 1 mostly granulate or coriarious	21
–	C. Median tergite 1 with other sculpture, usually striate	3
3(2)	A1. Median tergite 3 usually extensively striate in anterior half or more. A2. Straight carina situated above hind coxal cavities (CC)	4
–	B1. Median tergite 3 not extensively striate, usually smooth, or rarely, weakly coriarious. B2. If carina exists between hind coxal cavities (CC) then it is curved and dipping below dorsal margin of coxal cavities.	5
4(3)	A. Adventitious vein (2RS) on r-m crossvein of fore wing absent or indicated only by slight swelling	Aerophilus Szépligeti
–	B. Adventitious vein (2RS) on r-m crossvein of fore wing present & distinct	Braunsia Kriechbaumer
5(3)	A. Fore and mid tarsal claws with a basal lobe	6
–	B. Fore and mid tarsal claws simple	Bassus Fabricius
6(5)	A. Mouthparts long, galea significantly longer than wide; gena often elongate	Agathis Latreille
–	B. Mouthparts short (normal), galea not longer than wide; gena not especially elongate	7
7(6)	A. With carina partly or completely surrounding antennal socket	Gyragathis Achterberg & Long
–	B. Lacking carina partly or completely surrounding antennal socket	8
8(7)	A. Hind trochantellus with ventral longitudinal carinae	Trochantagathis gen. n.
–	B. Hind trochantellus lacking ventral longitudinal carinae	9
9(8)	A. Vertex of head smooth, with weak punctures	10
–	B. Vertex of head rugosopunctate	Scabagathis gen. n.
10(9)	A1. RS+M vein of fore wing mostly or entirely absent. A2. Notauli present	11
–	B1. RS+M vein of fore wing present and complete. B2. Notauli absent	Earinus Wesmael
11(10)	A. Sharply declivous crest in interantennal space present	12
–	B. Sharply declivous crest in interantennal space absent	14
12(11)	A. Cub vein of hind wing absent, or if present, clear and weak, not tubular, and not contiguous with cu-a (base)	13
–	B. Cub vein of hind wing present, tubular and pigmented	Therophilus anuchati Sharkey
13(12)	A. Scutellar triangle smooth with punctures and sparse setae	Agathacrista Sharkey
–	B. Scutellar triangle rugose or with dense aciculations, sometimes obscured with dense setae	Chimaeragathis gen. n.
14(11)	A. Median tergite 2 mostly striate with striae coming to an abrupt and uniform end at or near apex of tergite	15
–	B. Median tergite 2 striate or not; if striate, striae not coming to an abrupt and uniform end at apex of tergite	17
15(14)	A. Semicircular striae at base of median tergite 2 present	Cymagathis gen. n.
–	B. Semicircular striae at base of median tergite 2 not present	16
16(15)	A. Pegs of fore tibia present (concolorous with tibia therefore difficult to see)	Asperagathis gen. n.
–	B. Pegs of fore tibia absent	Zosteragathis gen. n.
17(14)	With two or more of the following characters: A1. Rs vein of fore wing weak medially and bent: A2. Sclerite separating hind coxal cavities from metasomal foramen narrow or absent. A3. Apex of scutellum (at border with metanotum) with a distinct, often semicircular, depression. A4. Interantennal space often with two small protrusions separated by a depression (use frontal view). A5. Cub vein of hind wing pigmented and tubular where it is attached to subbasal cell and causing an angle in the distal margin of the cell where it is attached Note: often (70%) small and pale in coloration	Therophilus Wesmael
–	With none or at most one of the above character states. Rather the following character states apply: B1. Rs vein of fore wing evenly sclerotized and straight. B2. Sclerite separating hind coxal cavities from metasomal foramen relatively wide. B3. Apex of scutellum (at border with metanotum) smooth or sculptured but lacking deep depression(s). B4. Interantennal space without two small protrusions separated by a depression (use frontal view), rather smooth, or with a median keel that may or may not be pronounced. B5. Cub vein of hind wing absent, OR not attached to basal cell, OR not pigmented, and subbasal cell not angled at point of intersection. Note: often (70%) small and pale in coloration Note: body usually mostly melanic	18
18(17)	A. Median tergite 2 partly or entirely white, ivory, or pale yellow	Xanthagathis gen. n.
–	B. Median tergite 2 entirely melanic	19
19(18)	A. Temples rounded. AA. Median longitudinal ridge of first median tergite present	Liragathis gen. n.
–	B. Temples squared. BB. Median longitudinal ridge of first median tergite absent	Agathigma gen. n.
20(2)	A. RS+M vein of fore wing mostly or entirely absent	Leuroagathis gen. n.
–	B. RS+M vein of fore wing present and complete	Earinus Wesmael
21(2)	A. RS vein of fore wing completely absent	Aneurobracon Brues
–	B. RS vein of fore wing present, though sometimes interrupted at midlength	Camptothlipsis Enderlein

1	a. Metasomal median tergite 2 mostly or entirely smooth. aa. Second submarginal cell minute, diameter about equal to thickness of surrounding wing veins	Asperagathis xesta Sharkey, sp. n.
–	b. Metasomal median tergite 2 mostly rugosostriate. bb. Second submarginal cell normal (wider than below), diameter much wider than thickness of surrounding wing vein	Asperagathis aspera Sharkey, sp. n.

1	a. Hind femur yellow; hind tibia mostly yellow	Chimaeragathis lohmani Sharkey, sp. n.
–	b. Hind femur yellow laterally at mid length, black basally and apically, hind tibia black.	Chimaeragathis chrysoma Sharkey, sp. n.
–	c. Hind femur black; hind tibia mostly black with pale patches basally	Chimaeragathis eurysoma Sharkey, sp. n.

1	a. Mesoscutum mostly or entirely black	2
–	b. Mesoscutum mostly or entirely orange	Liragathis javana (Bhat & Gupta)
2	a. Superior orbit of eye, between antennal insertion and eye, orange	Liragathis baonai Sharkey, sp. n.
–	b. Superior orbit of eye, between antennal insertion and eye, black	Liragathis damnai Sharkey, sp. n.

Specimens used in the phylogenetic analyses, including specimen numbers, GenBank and BOLD accession numbers and rough geographical information.

Taxon name	Specimen number	Country: Region	Type status	COI	28S
Aerophilus abdominalis	H1313	USA: KY		ATRMK294-11	KP943685
Aerophilus malus	H1484	USA: WV	holotype	ATRMK309-11	KP943693
Aerophilus rayfisheri	H1212	USA: KY	holotype	ATRMK278-11	KP943675
Agathacrista depressifera	H002	Thailand: Phetchabun		KP943596	KC556782
Agathacrista krataei	H268	Thailand: Kalasin	holotype	KP943614	KC556781
Agathacrista sailomi	H013	Thailand: Chiang Mai	holotype	KX431796	KC556780
Agathacrista winloni	H502	Thailand: Phetchabun	holotype	ATRMK218-11	KC771135
Agathigma templei	H415	Thailand: Kamphaeng	holotype	ATRMK211-11	KX431753
Alabagrus maculipes	H6020	Mexico: Jalisco		ATRMK370-11	KP943698
Asperagathis aspera	H274	Thailand: Phetchabun	holotype	KX431797	KX431706
Asperagathis xesta	H095	Thailand: Chaiyaphum	holotype	KX431798	KX431707
Bassus albifasciatus	H014	Thailand: Sakon Nakhon		------	KX431714
Bassus albifasciatus	H027	Thailand: Trang		KX431800	KX431716
Bassus albifasciatus	H032	Thailand: Trang		KX431799	KX431715
Bassus albifasciatus	H085	Thailand: Trang		KX431801	KX431719
Bassus albifasciatus	H343	Thailand: Chiang Mai		------	KX431718
Bassus albifasciatus	H377	Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat		------	KX431717
Bassus alboapicalis	H021	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431821	KX431767
Bassus alboapicalis	H022	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431819	KX431764
Bassus alboapicalis	H081	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431817	KX431762
Bassus alboapicalis	H269	Thailand: Trang	holotype	KX431820	KX431766
Bassus alboapicalis	H270	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431818	KX431763
Bassus alboapicalis	H307	Thailand: Surat Thani	paratype	ATRMK195-11	KX431765
Bassus alboapicalis	H410	Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat	paratype	------	KX431761
Bassus albobasalis	H003	Thailand: Phetchabun		KX431802	KX431721
Bassus albobasalis	H092	Thailand: Trang		------	KX431720
Bassus albobasalis	H328	Thailand: Phetchabun		JQ763436	KX431722
Bassus albocyclus	H308	Thailand: Phetchabun	paratype	------	KX431724
Bassus albocyclus	H349	Thailand: Chiang Mai	paratype	------	KX431725
Bassus albocyclus	H636	Thailand: Suphan Buri	holotype	ATRMK230-11	KX431723
Bassus calculator	H8008	Sweden: Stockholms län		------	KX431712
Bassus mediatratus	H015	Thailand: Chiang Mai	holotype	KX431816	KX431760
Bassus nopachoni	H577	Thailand: Kamphaeng	holotype	ATRMK223-11	KX431713
Bassus pallidus	H055	Thailand: Chanthaburi	holotype	------	KX431710
Bassus sp.	H376	Thailand: Phetchaburi		ATRMK204-11	KX431711
Braunsia smithii	H906	Thailand: Chiang Mai		ATRMK261-11	HQ667949
Camptothlipsis lingualongis	H1887	South Africa: Western Cape	paratype	ATRMK334-11	JN564494
Camptothlipsis nigra	H433	Thailand: Prachuap Khiri Khan		ATRMK430-11	HQ667951
Camptothlipsis sheilae	H664	Thailand: Kanchanaburi	holotype	ATRMK235-11	HQ667954
Camptothlipsis sp.	H162	Uganda: Homa Bay		------	KX431699
Camptothlipsis sp.	H2299	Congo: Pool		------	KX431698
Chimaeragathis chrysoma	H710	Thailand: Phetchaburi	holotype	ATRMK240-11	KX431738
Chimaeragathis eurysoma	H045	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431805	KX431736
Chimaeragathis eurysoma	H069	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431806	KX431737
Chimaeragathis eurysoma	H925	Thailand: Phetchaburi	holotype	ATRMK265-11	KX431735
Chimaeragathis lohmani	H072	Thailand: Trang	holotype	KX431807	KX431739
Chimaeragathis lohmani	H077	Thailand: Trang	paratype	KX431808	KX431740
Cymagathis krikoma	H290	Thailand: Chaiyaphum	paratype	ATRMK192-11	KX431701
Gyragathis leucosoma	H275	Thailand: Nakhon Ratchasima	holotype	KX431794	KX431700
Leuroagathis paulbakeri	H369	Thailand: Prachuap Khiri Khan	holotype	------	KX431709
Liragathis baonai	H360	Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat	holotype	ATRMK200-11	KX431705
Liragathis damnai	H397	Thailand: Chiang Mai	paratype	ATRMK210-11	KX431704
Liragathis javana	H283	Thailand: Trang		KX431795	KX431702
Liragathis javana	H628	Thailand: Phetchabun		ATRMK228-11	KX431703
Neothlipsis parysae	H4428	USA: KY	paratype	ATRMK364-11	KX431696
Neothlipsis sp.	H195	Thailand: Surat Thani		KP943607	KP943660
Neothlipsis sp.	H198	USA: KY		KX431793	KX431697
Neothlipsis sp.	H7618	Mexico: Yucatan		ATRMK403-11	KP943709
Scabagathis emilynadeauae	H033	Thailand: Trang	holotype	KX431792	KX431695
Trochantagathis marshi	H067	Thailand: Trang		KX431809	KX431742
Trochantagathis marshi	H089	Thailand: Trang		KX431811	KX431745
Trochantagathis marshi	H1851	Thailand: Trang		------	KX431744
Trochantagathis marshi	H281	Thailand: Trang		KX431810	KX431743
Trochantagathis marshi	H765	Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani		ATRMK242-11	KX431741
Trochantagathis marshi	H799	Thailand: Suphan Buri		------	KX431746
Trochantagathis marshi	H965	Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat		ATRMK266-11	KX431747
Xanthagathis mellisoma	H060	Thailand: Trang		KX431812	KX431749
Xanthagathis mellisoma	H145	Thailand: Phetchabun		------	KX431748
Xanthagathis mellisoma	H286	Thailand: Chaiyaphum		ATRMK191-11	KX431751
Xanthagathis mellisoma	H348	Thailand: Chiang Mai		ATRMK199-11	KX431750
Xanthagathis mellisoma	H662	Thailand: Phetchaburi		ATRMK234-11	KX431752
Zosteragathis contrastus	H017	Thailand: Chiang Mai		KX431828	KX431783
Zosteragathis contrastus	H056	Thailand: Trang		KX431834	KX431790
Zosteragathis contrastus	H094	Thailand: Chiang Mai		KX431833	KX431789
Zosteragathis contrastus	H100	Thailand: Chaiyaphum		KX431832	KX431787
Zosteragathis contrastus	H101	Thailand: Loei		KX431827	KX431781
Zosteragathis contrastus	H104	Thailand: Loei		------	KX431782
Zosteragathis contrastus	H142	Thailand: Nakhon Ratchasima		------	KX431779
Zosteragathis contrastus	H143	Thailand: Phetchabun		KX431829	KX431784
Zosteragathis contrastus	H144	Thailand: Phetchabun		KX431830	KX431785
Zosteragathis contrastus	H146	Thailand: Phetchabun		KX431831	KX431786
Zosteragathis contrastus	H149	Thailand: Phetchabun		KX431826	KX431780
Zosteragathis contrastus	H1855	Thailand: Chaiyaphum		ATRMK501-11	------
Zosteragathis contrastus	H603	Thailand: Surat Thani		ATRMK226-11	KX431791
Zosteragathis contrastus	H677	Thailand: Suphan Buri		------	KX431788
Zosteragathis contrastus	H985	Thailand: Kanchanaburi		------	KX431778
Zosteragathis samensis	H2418	Thailand: Prachuap Khiri Khan	holotype	ATRMK475-11	KX431775
Zosteragathis samensis	H973	Thailand: Prachuap Khiri Khan	paratype	ATRMK269-11	KX431774
Zosteragathis sp.	H065	Thailand: Trang		KX431803	KX431733
Zosteragathis sp.	H083	Thailand: Trang		KX431804	KX431734
Zosteragathis sp.	H091	Thailand: Sakon Nakhon		KX443589	KX431726
Zosteragathis sp.	H1859	Thailand: Phitsanulok		ATRMK329-11	KX431729
Zosteragathis sp.	H1860	Thailand: Surat Thani		ATRMK330-11	KX431731
Zosteragathis sp.	H239	Thailand: Trang		------	KX431732
Zosteragathis sp.	H492	Thailand: Phetchaburi		ATRMK217-11	KX431728
Zosteragathis sp.	H660	Thailand: Mae Hong Son		ATRMK233-11	KX431727
Zosteragathis sp.	H687	Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat		------	KX431730
Zosteragathis sp.	H016	Thailand: Chaiyaphum		KX431825	KX431776
Zosteragathis sp.	H080	Thailand: Chiang Mai		KX431814	KX431757
Zosteragathis sp.	H121	Thailand: Nong Bua Lam Phu		KX431822	KX431771
Zosteragathis sp.	H122	Thailand: Nong Bua Lam Phu		KX431823	KX431772
Zosteragathis sp.	H1625	Thailand: Chaiyaphum		ATRMK323-11	KX431754
Zosteragathis sp.	H1636	Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani		ATRMK325-11	KX431770
Zosteragathis sp.	H1858	Thailand: Chiang Mai		ATRMK328-11	KX431777
Zosteragathis sp.	H236	Thailand: Chiang Mai		KX431813	KX431756
Zosteragathis sp.	H237	Thailand: Lampang		KX431815	KX431758
Zosteragathis sp.	H279	Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani		KX431824	KX431773
Zosteragathis sp.	H473	Thailand: Phetchaburi		ATRMK216-11	KX431708
Zosteragathis sp.	H598	Thailand: Mae Hong Son		ATRMK225-11	KX431768
Zosteragathis sp.	H650	Thailand: Phetchabun		ATRMK232-11	KX431769
Zosteragathis sp.	H689	Thailand: Suphan Buri		ATRMK238-11	KX431755
Zosteragathis sp.	H989	Thailand: Phetchaburi		ATRMK271-11	KX431759