Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution.

Phlebotomine sand flies are dipteran insects of medical importance because many species are involved in the transmission of pathogens between human and non-human animals. A total of 530 American species of sand flies is presented in an updated checklist, along with their author(s) and year of publication using the classification by Galati (1995, 2003). Distribution by country is also provided.

Introduction

Phlebotomine sand flies (, , ) are medically important insects involved in the transmission of arboviruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites among human and non-human animals (Rangel and Lainson 2009).

There are approximately 1,000 valid described species of sand flies in the world of which 530 are known to occur in the Americas. Historically, the systematics of sand flies has been based on the division of species into few genera (Fairchild 1955, Theodor 1965, Lewis et al. 1977, Young and Duncan 1994). Based on an extensive comparative analysis of characters, Theodor (1965) made an attempt to define groups of American sand flies, but preferred not to give nomenclatorial rank to them, suggesting these groupings might change taxonomic status with future studies. Lewis et al. (1977) considered the Atlantic Ocean as the main cause of differentiation between sand flies from the “Old World” (Paleartic, Afrotropical, Oriental and Australasian regions) and the “New World” (Nearctic and Neotropical regions), and maintained five genera of which two, Rondani & Berté, 1840 and França & Parrot, 1920, occur in the “Old World” and three, França & Parrot, 1921, Hertig, 1948 and França, 1924, are present in the “New World”. Later, Young and Duncan (1994) amended the classification of Lewis et al. (1977), becoming the most widely adopted by those working with sand flies.

Artemiev (1991) attempted to establish a phylogenetic classification for sand flies. He divided sand fly species into two tribes ( Artemiev, 1991 and Rondani, 1840), seven sub-tribes ( Artemiev, 1991; Abonnenc & Léger, 1976; Rondani, 1840; Artemiev, 1991; Artemiev, 1991; Artemiev, 1991; Artemiev, 1991), and 24 genera. However, no explicit method was used to group the sand flies, and his classification was not accepted among researchers of this group of insects.

A proposal for the classification of was presented by Galati (1995, 2003) who used the cladistic method in her study of American sand flies. In her classification, the tribe Artemiev, 1991 was synonymized with Abonnenc & Léger, 1976, while the tribe Rondani, 1840 was maintained. Six subtribes from Artemiev (1991) were kept (, , , , , and ) and an additional subtribe was created ( Galati, 1995). In addition, one subtribe previously considered synonymous was reinstated ( Abonnenc & Léger, 1976). Galati reclassified "New World" sand flies into 22 genera. Later, Galati, Andrade-Filho, Silva & Falcão, 2003 was proposed as another Neotropical genus in the tribe ; however, this genus was not included in any subtribe (Galati et al. 2003).

The aim of this work is to provide a checklist of valid species of the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, together with their distribution by country, PageBreakhighlighting their type-locality. This work updates the list of American sand flies and provides currently accepted names for use by taxonomists, students, researchers and health workers.

Material and methods

The list contains information updated until December, 2016, and data was collated from our own work with sand fly taxonomy, literature surveys, and studies of sand flies deposited in different entomological collections: (i) Coleção de Flebotomíneos (FIOCRUZ/COLFLEB); (ii) Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP); (iii) Coleção de Referência da Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP–USP); (iv) Coleção Entomológica do Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública (FSP–USP–LESP–); (v) Coleção da Seção de Parasitologia do Instituto Butantan (IBut); (vi) Coleção de Flebotomíneos do Instituto Evandro Chagas (COLFlebIEC); (vii) Natural History Museum, London (NHM).

To be considered valid, and therefore included in this checklist, a species name has to meet the criteria of publication in Articles 8 and 9 of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (1999, 2011).

The checklist presents genera arranged according to the classification of Galati (2003), and subgenera, species groups/series and species are listed alphabetically within each genus. Countries are listed alphabetically and the country of the type locality is mark with asterisk (*). Fossil species are indicated by the symbol †. We intend to add information about synonymies and full references for distributional records in a later, more comprehensive, catalogue.

Results

This checklist includes 530 species of the , distributed among 23 genera, occurring in 28 countries.

There are seven “informal” taxa that comprise unavailable names since they do not meet the requirements of the ICZN, and two other names are available but are found to denote more than one taxon (availability of name is not affected according to provisions of the ICZN, Articles 17.2 and 23.8). Here, we report one nomem dubium for and one species inquierenda for .

Despite the great amount of data on American sand flies and the increased interest in the study of these insects, there has been slow progress in the understanding of taxonomy and systematics of this subfamily. The checklist presented herein aims to give an updated account of which valid species have been recorded in the Neotropical and Neartic regions, as well as provide information on the geographical range of these species by country.

Systematics

Phylum

Subphylum

Class

Order

Sub-order

Family

Subfamily

Tribe

Subtribe

Genus

Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama*.

Genus

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. French Guiana*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia, Panama*.

Distribution. Ecuador, Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama*, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Tribe

Subtribe

Genus

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Honduras.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Panama*.

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*, Paraguay.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama*, Peru.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Ecuador*, Panama.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia*, Honduras, Mexico.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

)

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*, Panama.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana, Panama, Surinam.

Distribution. Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Genus

Distribution. Chile*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Subtribe

Genus

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Note. The record for Bolivia is based on specimens collected in Aguas Calientes Department of Santa Cruz and donated by François Le Pont to one of us (EABG).

(Deane, 1955)

Distribution. Brazil*.

Genus

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. United States of America*.

Distribution. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico*, Nicaragua, Panama.

Distribution. Mexico, United States of America*.

Series

Distribution. United States of America*.

Distribution. Canada, Mexico*, United States of America.

Distribution. Canada, Mexico, United States of America*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Peru, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana*, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Cayman Islands*.

Distribution. Cuba*.

Distribution. Dominican Republic*, Haiti.

Distribution. Jamaica*.

Distribution. Belize, Guatemala, Mexico*.

Distribution. Puerto Rico*.

Distribution. Puerto Rico*, Virgin Islands.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Distribution. Cuba*, United States of America.

Distribution. Jamaica*.

Distribution. El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Series

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana*, Surinam.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Grenada, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, Martinica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago*, Venezuela, Virgin Islands.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Series

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*.

†

Distribution. Mexican amber*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Argentina*, Bolivia, Brazil.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana*, Peru, Surinam, Panama, Venezuela.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Panama, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*.

Distribution. United States of America*.

Subtribe

Genus

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia*, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Peru.

Distribution. Argentina*, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Colombia, Peru.

Genus

Subgenus (

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Ecuador, Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia*, Ecuador, Peru.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Peru.

Distribution. Colombia*, Ecuador, Venezuela.

Distribution. Peru*.

Series

Distribution. Ecuador, Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Series

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Panama*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Peru.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama*, Peru.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama*, Peru.

Distribution. Colombia*, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Note. Placement in based on the study by one of us (EABG) of specimens collected in several caves close to the type-locality of in the Chiquitano seasonally dry forest of Serrania Santiago (Calvario of the Robore municipality and Aguas Calientes near Robore, Santa Cruz Department).

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Uruguay*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia*.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala*, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States of America.

Distribution. Brazil*, Peru.

Note. Placement is his subgenus was possible due to the study of specimens provided to us (EABG and PHFS) by Mr. Rui Freitas (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia). We concluded it belongs to the because among other characters this species presents the ventro-cervical sensillae, setae in the abdominal pleura and lacks the ascoids with posterior spurs.

Distribution. Mexico, United States of America*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Peru.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia*, Ecuador.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Nicaragua*.

Distribution. Nicaragua*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Ecuador, French Guiana.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Note. Galati (2003) placed this species in as incertae sedis. However, Sábio, PB (pers. comm.) examined the type material deposited in the Entomological Collection - Smithsonian Institution / Walter Reeed Biosystematic Unit, Suitland, MD - USA) and observed the presence of the ventro-cervical sensillae and the papilla in F3, the setae in the anterior region of the katepisternum is absent, ascoids present reduced posterior spurs and spermathecae are ringed. These characters are synapomorphies shared by some species of (, and ), but this species also lacks characters to placed it with confidence in any of these three subgenera.

Distribution. Guatemala*.

Distribution. Belize*.

Note. The insertion of this species in is provisional. There were no female characters to be observed that could lead to more accurate placement in any genus, nor was the male known. The inclusion of in was suggested by Ibáñez-Bernal (2001). However, do not present the head and labrum-epipharynx shorter than the sum of flagellomeres FI + FII, which are diagnostic characters for .

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Note. The description of this species does not provide sufficient information to place it in any genus; and the similarity of their spermathecae with those of led us to include it together with this species in the genus .

Distribution. United States of America*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Genus

Subgenus (

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia, Peru.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*, Peru.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay*, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Genus

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Ecuador, Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela*.

Series

)

Distribution. Argentina*, Brazil, Paraguay.

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*, Paraguay, Peru.

Series

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*, Surinam.

Series

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama*, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Colombia, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Peru.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Series

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Dominican Republic*, Haiti.

Distribution. Cuba*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Cuba*.

Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama*.

Distribution. Brazil, Cayman Islands, Cuba*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Guatemala*.

Distribution. Ecuador, Peru*.

Distribution. Belize, Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia*.

Series

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Colombia*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela*.

Series

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Panama*, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Surinam.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*, Paraguay.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*.

†

Distribution. Mexican amber*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

Distribution. Brazil*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

†, 2009

Distribution. Dominican amber*

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

Distribution. Venezuela*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

†

Distribution. Dominican Republic*.

Distribution. Colombia, Panama,Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela*.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

Genus

Subgenus (

Distribution. Canada, United States of America*.

Distribution. Honduras, Mexico*.

Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala*, Honduras, Mexico.

Distribution. Belize*, Guatemala, Mexico.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama*.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama*.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama*.

Distribution. Costa Rica*, Honduras, Nicaragua.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, United States of America*.

Distribution. El Salvador, Guatemala*, Mexico.

Distribution. El Salvador, Mexico*.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Distribution. Belize, Guatemala, Mexico*.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama*.

Group

Distribution. Belize, Guatemala, Mexico*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Note. The group shows characters of both the and s.str. and are therefore listed separately.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Genus

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*.

Genus

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador*, Nicaragua, Panama.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Colombia, Peru.

Note. The record of this species for Peru is from the illustrations published by Velasco 1973: 88 ( sp. D) and Young & Morales 1987: 662 ( sp. 1).

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana, Peru.

Genus

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*.

Distribution. Brazil, Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Brazil, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*, Surinam.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia*, Ecuador.

Genus

Subgenus (

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia*, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Surinam.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Note. The type locality of is along the Abuña river, which forms part of the border between Bolivia and Brazil, however it is not clear in which of the countries the exact type locality is located.

Distribution. Brazil*, Peru, Venezuela.

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Argentina*, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Series

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana*, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Paraguay.

Series

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

)

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil.

Series

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Series

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Subtribe

Genus

Subgenus (

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama*.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana, Peru.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil.

Note. This species has been collected in Brazil in Amapá (PHFS) and in Distrito Federal (AJA).

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama*, Peru.

†

Distribution. Dominican amber*

Distribution. Mexico*, United States of America.

Subgenus (

Series

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*, Paraguay.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Series

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico*, Panama.

Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Guatemala*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Colombia.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Peru*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama*, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Venezuela.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana*, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama.

Distribution. Bolivia, Costa Rica, Panama*.

Subgenus (

Distribution. Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Peru*.

Distribution. Mexico*.

Genus

Distribution. Colombia*, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Nicaragua.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Genus

Group

Distribution. Argentina, Brazil*, Paraguay.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. French Guiana*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Group

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Genus

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Note. Several authors (Young and Arias 1982, Young and Duncan 1994, Carvalho et al. 2015) have mentioned the possibility that is conspecific with . According to the description of , its scutellum is dark, which would distinguish this species from all other species in the genus . However, at FIOCRUZ/COLFLEB, we have checked the holotype (slide number 39.581) plus three males from Maranhão (slide numbers NE 1139.63, No. 32203; NE 930.62, No. 28734; NE 933.62, No. 28761) that were identified as by the authors of the species, and all specimens have pale rather than dark scutellum, making this species indistinguishable from .

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama*, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico*, Nicaragua.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela*.

Genus

Series

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Series

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*, Surinam.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*, Venezuela.

Series

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru*, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana*, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Venezuela*.

Series

Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, French Guiana*, Mexico, Panama, Surinam.

Distribution. French Guiana*.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

Distribution. Belize, Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, Nicaragua, Venezuela.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana*, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

Series

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia*, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. French Guiana*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil, Panama, Nicaragua*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Colombia*, Ecuador, French Guiana, Mexico, Panama, Peru.

Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama*, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Colombia*, Panama.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama*.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Brazil, Peru.

Distribution. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama*, Surinam.

Genus

Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution. French Guiana*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Guatemala*, Honduras, Panama.

Distribution. French Guiana*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, Paraguay.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana*, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Peru.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Hounduras, Nicaragua, Panama*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil*, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam.

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia*, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.

Genus

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela*.

Distribution. Brazil*, French Guiana.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Colombia*, Ecuador.

Distribution. Brazil, Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia*, Peru.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil, French Guiana*, Surinam.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil, Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Surinam.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Peru.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Colombia*, Ecuador.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*, Colombia.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Distribution. Peru*.

Distribution. Bolivia, Brazil*, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Bolivia*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Ecuador*.

Unplaced genera of

Genus

Distribution. Brazil*.

Distribution. Brazil*.

Note. This species is only known from the type specimen mounted in Canada Balsam medium. The specimen “cotype” is deposited in the Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/CEIOC) (number of the slides: 1436–1439). The specimen was collected in 08-VIII-1902 by Adolpho Lutz in Juqueri (currently Mairiporã municipality) state of São Paulo, Brazil. One of us (AJA) studied the type and observed that the thorax is damaged, but it is possible to observe the colour of the paratergite and scutum, which is similar to species in the genus . The spermathecae was dissected, but was not observed in any of the slides, so it is likely the spermathecae has oxized over time. The original description is insufficient for a positive identification, however the spermathecae as illustrated show the same number of rings as In the absence of evidence positively linking the two species, however, we prefer to consider as a nomen dubium.

Available names but found to denote more than one taxon (availability of the name is not affected according to provisions of the ICZN, Articles 17.2 and 23.8)

Note. Only known from the holotype and five females collected by Rangel et al. (1985). Andrade et al. (2013) examined the holotype and concluded that the head and wing of this specimen belong to a sp. specimen, whereas the thorax and abdomen belong to an anomalous specimen of .

Note. Andrade et al. (2014) examined the holotype and concluded that the head of this specimen belongs to a specimen of while the wings, thorax and abdomen belong to another specimen, of the genus .

Unavailable names not meeting the requirements of the ICZN

Distribution. Colombia*.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species has been described from both males and females, but the authors decided not to name it.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species has been described from both males and females. Young (1979) and Young and Duncan (1994) stated that this species was closely related to and PageBreak, but noted that further studies were necessary before formally naming this species.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species has been described form a single male, but Young and Duncan (1994) stated that they were waiting for the collection of the female before formally naming this species.

Distribution. Guatemala*.

Note. This species appears as an illustration in Young and Duncan (1994: 247), who stated it was the holotype of . However, Galati (2003) interpreted their illustration as a different species, which differs markedly in the number and shape of the spines in the gonostyle from the original description by León (1971); she referred to the species as sp. of Suchitepequez, and it awaits formal description.

Distribution. Bolivia*, Colombia.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species is listed by Young and Duncan (1994), and reported as being described form a single male by Velasco (unpublished). However, Young and Duncan (1994) stated that the latter was waiting for the collection of the female before formally naming this species.

Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana*, Surinam.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species has been described from both males and females. Although this species has been recorded in different publications, no attempt has been made so far to formally describe it.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species has been described only from females. Because females of the series are indistinguishable in morphology, it is not possible to know if this species has been previously described from a male.

Distribution. Colombia*.

Note. Unavailable according to article 11.4 of the ICZN. This species has been described from both males and females. However, the authors were not sure if it was a variant of Young, 1979, and hence decided not to name it.