Preparation and Chemical Properties of π-Conjugated Polymers Containing Indigo Unit in the Main Chain.

π-Conjugated polymers based on indigo unit were prepared. Dehalogenative polycondensation of N-hexyl-6,6'-dibromoindigo with a zerovalent nickel complex gave a homopolymer, P(HexI), in 77% yield. Copolymer of N-hexyl-indigo and pyridine, P(HexI-Py), was also prepared in 50% yield. P(HexI) showed good solubility in organic solvents, whereas P(HexI-Py) was only soluble in acids such as HCOOH. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of P(HexI) and P(HexI-Py) were determined to be 10,000 and 40,000, respectively, by a light scattering method. Pd-catalyzed polycondensation between 6,6'-dibromoindigo with N-BOC (BOC = t-butoxycarbonyl) substituents and a diboronic compound of 9,9-dioctylfluorene afforded the corresponding alternating copolymer, P(BOCI-Flu), as a deep red solid in 98% yield. P(BOCI-Flu) was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrroridone and showed an Mw of 29,000 in GPC analysis. Treatment of P(BOCI-Flu) with CF₃COOH smoothly led to a BOC-deprotection reaction to give an insoluble deep green polymer, P(I-Flu), in a quantitative yield. Diffuse reflectance spectra of powdery P(BOCI-Flu) and P(I-Flu) showed peaks at about 580 nm and 630 nm, respectively, which are thought to originate from the indigo unit.

Introduction

Indigo is one of the most important and popular dyes [1,2] and has widely been used at industrial level. Recently pan class="Chemical">indigo [3-6] and compounds based on a isomer of indigo (isoindigo) [6-11] are gathering attention as active materials for electronic devices such as field effect transistors and solar cells (renaissance of color [6]); they are thought to be good candidates for electron-withdrawing (or electron-deficient) electronically active materials. Especially the isoindigo unit shown in Chart 1 has received strong attention, and various π-conjugated polymers and oligomers containing isoindigo in their main chains have been prepared [6-14] since Reynolds’ group reported synthesis of such compounds. However, examples of π-conjugated polymers containing the indigo unit in the main chain are not many [15]. Because indigo has strong historical and basic chemical backgrounds, development of the chemistry of indigo-based polymers seems to be important.

Chart 1.

Indigo-6,6′-diyl unit and isoindigo-6,6′-diyl unit used for the component in polymer main chains (R = H, alkyl, etc.)

Previously, our group reported indigo-incorporated pan class="Chemical">poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl), P(I-Py) shown in Chart 2, and investigated optical properties of the polymer [15,16]; e.g., film of P(I-Py) showed third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ(3), comparable to that of π-conjugated polymers with sufficiently long π-conjugation systems [15].

Chart 2.

Copolymer of pyridine and indigo, P(I-Py).

However, P(I-Py) was soluble only in special solvents such as pan class="Chemical">formic acid and insoluble in common organic solvents (presumably due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds; see below), which made it difficult to investigate chemical properties of the polymer well.

As a step for getting more information about indigo-based polymers, we introduced solubilizing substituents (pan class="Chemical">hexyl and BOC (t-butoxycarbonyl) groups) at the N–H group in the indigo unit and have prepared the following polymers shown in Chart 3. Herein we report syntheses of these polymers and UV-Vis data of the polymers.

Chart 3.

Synthesized π-conjugated indigo polymers with solubilizing and protecting groups.

As shown in Chart 1, the isoindigo-6,6′-pan class="Chemical">diyl unit forms formally fully π-conjugation system along the polymer main chain. On the other hand, the indigo-6,6′-diyl unit does not have such a system and effective expansion of the π-conjugation system along the polymer main chain is not expected. However, it may be possible to form a cross π-conjugation system [17] via the C=O carbonyl group under certain conditions; such a cross π-conjugated unit sometimes forms expanded electron systems along the polymer chain via the unit [17-20]. In addition, when the indigo-6,6′-diyl unit (abbreviated as In; R = H in Chart 1) is chemically reduced, the formed In2− might be able to form formally fully π-conjugated system along the polymer chain [16].

The BOC group is a convenient group which protects the possibly reactive N–H group of the pan class="Chemical">indigo unit during the polymerization and undergoes clean thermal and acid-induced deprotection to recover the N–H group (e.g., N–COOCMe3 → NH + CO2 + CH2=CMe2) [21-26] when desired. As described below P(BOCI-Flu) also undergoes the clean deprotection reaction.

We now report results of the synthesis and chemical properties of the above polymers.

Results and Discussion

Synthesis of Polymers

PHexI and P(HexI-Py)

Scheme 1 shows synthetic routes for the starting monomer 1, PHexI and pan class="Chemical">P(HexI-Py). Reaction of disodium salt of 6,6′-dibromoindigo [27] with 1-bromohexane at 50 °C gave 1 as an orange solid. Dehalogenative polycondensation [28] of 1 using zerovalent-nickel-complex ([Ni(0)La]; L = neutral chelating ligands such as bpy (2,2′-bipyridyl) and cod (1,5-cyclooctadiene)) afforded PHexI in 77% yield. P(HexI-Py) was also obtained in 50% yield by a 1:1 random polycondensation of 1 with 2,5-dibromopyridine at 60 °C.

Scheme 1.

Synthetic routes to monomer 1, PHexI, and P(HexI-Py). The polycondensation is accompanied by the formation of NiBr2La.

PHexI showed good solubility in organic solvents such as pan class="Chemical">chloroform. However, P(HexI-Py) was only soluble in acids such as formic acid, similarly to a π-conjugated homopolymer of pyridine, poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) [29]. PHexI and P(HexI-Py) showed weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of 10,000 (in chloroform) and 40,000 (in formic acid), respectively, as measured by a light scattering method.

Figure 1 shows IR spectra of 1, PHexI, and pan class="Chemical">P(HexI-Py). As shown in Figure 1, the IR spectrum of PHexI resembles that of 1, indicating that the polymerization proceeded with maintaining the unit structure of dihexylindigo. The IR spectrum of P(HexI-Py) shows additional absorption peaks originated from the pyridine-2,5-diyl unit at approximately 1460 and 830 cm−1 (cf. charts (c) and (d) in Figure 1), in addition to the dihexylindigo-originated IR peaks.

Figure 1.

IR spectra of (a) 1; (b) PHexI; (c) P(HexI-Py) and (d) poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) [29].

1H NMR spectra of pan class="Chemical">PHexI and P(HexI-Py) are shown in Figure S1 in Supporting Materials. The area ratio between peaks in the aromatic-H region and those in the aliphatic region essentially agrees with the polymer structures. Based on the 1H NMR results, P(HexI-Py) is thought to contain the dihexylindigo and pyridine-2,5 units in agreement with the feeding ratio (1:1) of the two monomers.

P(BOCI-Flu) and Its Deprotection

The route for the preparation of P(BOCI-Flu) and pan class="Chemical">BOC-deprotection of P(BOCI-Flu) are outlined in Scheme 2. BOC-protected 6,6′-dibromoindigo (monomer 2) was prepared according to the literature [5,30].

Scheme 2.

Synthetic routes to P(BOCI-Flu) and deprotection of the BOC group in P(BOCI-Flu) by treatment with acid (CF3COOH).

Pd-catalyzed pan class="Chemical">polycondensation of 2 with a diboronic compound of dioctylfluorene proceeded smoothly to afford P(BOCI-Flu), as a deep red solid in 98% yield. P(BOCI-Flu) was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and THF, and had low solubility in chloroform. The GPC curve of this polymer (eluent = NMP) showed a unimodal molecular weight distribution, with a peak molecular weight (Mp) of 18,000 and Mw of 26,000, respectively. Deprotection of the BOC group in P(BOCI-Flu) was carried out by treatment of this polymer with CF3COOH [23] and P(I-Flu) was obtained as a deep green solid in a quantitative yield. BOC-deprotected P(I-Flu) obtained thus was insoluble in common organic solvents and partly soluble in formic acid.

In the IR spectrum of P(BOCI-Flu) shown in Figure 2, the large peak observed at around 1750 cm−1 is assigned to ν(C=O).

Figure 2.

IR spectra of (a) P(BOCI-Flu) and (b) its deprotected (CF3COOH-treated) product. The absorption peak at approximately 2300 cm−1 is due to CO2 in air.

The IR pattern in the C=O carbonyl region of P(BOCI-Flu) resembles that of monomer 2 shown in Figure 3 (curve b).

Figure 3.

Comparison of IR spectra of (a) 6,6′-dibromoindigo without the BOC group; (b) monomer 2 with the BOC protecting groups and (c) BOC-deprotection (CF3COOH-treated) product of 2.

The IR spectrum of a BOC-deprotection product of monomer 2 (curve c in Figure 3) essentially agrees with that of 6,6′-dipan class="Chemical">bromoindigo without the BOC group (curve a), indicating that the BOC-deprotection proceeds cleanly with the low-molecular-weight compound 2.

The IR data shown in Figure 2 indicate that the deprotection of P(BOCI-Flu) with pan class="Chemical">CF3COOH [23] also proceeds cleanly. After the deprotection of the BOC group, P(BOCI-Flu) became insoluble in organic solvents, in spite of the presence of two octyl groups at the fluorene unit, presumably due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the N–H group and the C=O carbonyl group [31,32]. Indigo and its derivatives are usually hardly soluble in common organic solvents when the N-H hydrogen is not substituted.

1H NMR spectrum of P(pan class="Chemical">BOCI-Flu) shown in Figure S2 in Supporting Materials is reasonable for its structure. The peaks observed in the aliphatic-H region are originated from the alkyl protons of the fluorene unit and methyl protons of the BOC group in the indigo unit. The 1H NMR spectrum shows broad peaks in the range from δ 7.5 to 9.0 which are assigned to the aromatic-Hs.

Thermal stability of P(BOCI-Flu) and P(pan class="Chemical">I-Flu) was examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and their TGA curves are shown in Figure S3 in Supporting Materials. For P(BOCI-Flu), the deprotection of the BOC group started at about 175 °C, and gave a weight loss of 25%, which is roughly in agreement with the calculated weight loss in the deprotection (22.8%). P(I-Flu) showed 5 wt% loss temperature at 190 °C.

UV-Vis Absorption

Optical properties were mainly studied with P(pan class="Chemical">BOCI-Flu) with good solubility in organic solvents. Figure 4 shows UV-Vis spectra of monomer 2 and P(BOCI-Flu) in THF. UV-Vis spectrum of 2 exhibits a peak at 542 nm, which is shifted to a shorter wavelength from that of indigo at λmax = 610 nm [32]. This shift is thought to be due to a hypochromic effect of Br on indigo [31] and/or twisting of the C=C connecting bond caused by the BOC group; Miehe et al. [33] reported twisting of the C=C bond by introduction of methyl groups at N.

Figure 4.

UV-Vis spectra of (a) monomer 2 and (b) P(BOCI-Flu) in THF.

For P(BOCI-Flu), the UV-Vis peak of the pan class="Chemical">indigo unit becomes much weaker and a new strong peak appears at 422 nm between the peak positions of fluorene (λmax = 301 nm [34]) and indigo. Both indigo (molar absorption coefficient: log (ε/M−1cm−1) = 4.3 [32]) and fluorene (log (ε/M−1cm−1) = 4.0 [34]) are strong chromophores, and the appearance of the new peak at 422 nm suggests a strong electronic interaction between the indigo and fluorene units. The formally fully π-conjugated copolymers between isoindigo and aromatic units also show new UV-Vis peaks [7-11], and a copolymer between isoindigo and dialkylfluorene (P1 in reference [10]) shows a UV-Vis peak at 564 nm; the longer wavelength of P1 suggests a better electron expansion along the polymer main chain compared with P(BOCI-Flu). The UV-Vis spectrum of P(BOCI-Flu) film (cf. Figure S4 in Supporting Materials) gives an absorption pattern similar to that measured in solution, and starts at about 610 nm, which gives a band gap of 2.0 eV.

Deprotection of a dark red solid of P(BOCI-Flu) with pan class="Chemical">CF3COOH (vide ante) gave a dark green solid P(I-Flu). Because P(I-Flu) was not soluble, this color change was followed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy [35] using solid samples of P(BOCI-Flu) and P(I-Flu).

Figure 5 shows diffuse reflectance (DR) spectra of powdery P(BOCI-Flu) (curve a) and P(pan class="Chemical">I-Flu) (curve b). The DR spectrum of monomer 2 is shown in Figure S5 in Supporting Materials, the DR spectrum of 2 essentially agrees with the UV-Vis spectrum observed in THF (cf. Figure 4), suggesting the absence of an intermolecular electronic interaction in the solid of 2.

Figure 5.

Diffuse reflectance (DR) spectra of (a) P(BOCI-Flu) and (b) P(I-Flu).

The DR spectrum of P(BOCI-Flu) exhibits peaks at positions different from those observed with the solution sample (cf. Figure 4), suggesting a strong intermolecular electronic interaction between the pan class="Chemical">polymer molecules in the solid state, similarly to cases of isoindigo-based polymers and oligomers; the UV-Vis spectra of solid samples of the isoindigo-based polymers and oligomers sometimes showed a bathochromic shift from those of solutions [7,10].

By the deprotection, the absorption bands seem to be shifted to longer wavelengths, and one of the absorpan class="Chemical">ption bands seems to shift to a near infrared region. This shift accompanied with the deprotection is associated with a UV-Vis peak shift of N,N-diBOC-indigo to indigo, which is induced by acid [36].

UV-Vis spectra of P(HexI) and P(HexI-Py) in pan class="Chemical">HCOOH are shown in Figure S6 in Supporting Materials. They show absorption peaks at 300 nm (P(HexI)) and 330 nm (P(HexI-Py)), respectively, which are thought to originate from the indigo unit. However, the peak at around 600 nm, which is characteristic of indigos and was observed in the spectrum of P(BOCI-Flu), was not detected, suggesting that electronic state of the H-chromophore in the indigo unit is affected by the interaction between proton(s) of HCOOH and the carbonyl group in the indigo unit.

Electrochemical Behavior

Electrochemical responses of P(HexI-Py) and P(pan class="Chemical">BOCI-Flu) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in CH3CN. Film of P(HexI-Py) cast on a Pt plate received electrochemical reduction, reflecting an electron deficient nature of the pyridine ring, and a CV reduction peak appeared at −2.2 V vs. Ag+/Ag (cf. Figure S7 in Supporting Materials). The peak position is located near that observed for polypyridines [29]. In the case of P(BOCI-Flu), it became soluble in the CH3CN solution when reduction potential over −2.0 V Ag+/Ag was applied, suggesting the formation of an ionic polymer. Because of this, the investigation of CV of P(BOCI-Flu) was difficult.

Experimental Section

Measurements and Procedure

NMR spectra were recorded on JEOL JNM-EX90 and EX400 spectrometers (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Japan). IR spectra were taken using JASCO-IR 810 and 460 spectrometers (JASCO Corporation, Hachioji, Japan). UV-vis spectra were measured with Shimadzu UV-3100PC and UV-2500PC spectrometers (SHIMADZU Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of P(BOCI-Flu) was performed at TOSOH Analysis and Research Center Co., Ltd using a TOSOH HLC-8120GPC liquid chromatograph (Tosoh Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), pan class="Chemical">NMP as the eluent, and polystyrene standards. Measurements of Mw by the light scattering method were carried out using an OTSUKA DLS-700 spectrophotometer (Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd., Hirakata, Japan). Diffuse reflectance spectra of powdery polymers and monomer 2 were measured on a Shimadzu UV-3101PC spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere assembly and converted to UV-Vis absorption spectra using Kubelka-Munk theory [35]. BaSO4 was the reference standard. TGA curves were taken using Rigaku TG 8120 thermometric system (Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed with a Hokuto Denko HA-301 galvanostat/potentiostat (HOKUTO DENKO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and a Hokuto Denko HB-104 function generator. Cyclic voltammograms were obtained for films of the polymers laid on a Pt plate (1 cm × 1 cm) in a CH3CN solution of [NEt4][BF4] (0.1 M) with a Pt counter electrode and an Ag+/Ag reference electrode. The preparation of polymers was carried out under inert gas using standard Schlenk techniques.

Materials

6,6′-Dibromopan class="Chemical">indigo [27], BOC-protected 6,6′-dibromoindigo (2) [5,30], Ni(cod)2 (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) [37,38] and Pd(PPh3)4 [39] were prepared as previously reported. Commercially available Ni(cod)2 was also used. 9,9-Dioctylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid bis(1,3-propanediol) ester was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC., St. Louis, USA).

Synthesis of N,N′-dihexyl-6,6′-dibromoindigo (1)

To a dispersion of NaH (60% in paraffin oil) (0.24 g, 6.0 mmol) in DMSO (60 mL) was added 6,6′-dibromopan class="Chemical">indigo (1.0 g, 2.4 mmol) at 50 °C, and the mixture was stirred overnight at 50 °C for 12 h. 1-Bromohexane (2.4 g, 14.4 mmol) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred at 65 °C for 48 h. After cooling to room temperature (rt), the reaction mixture was extracted with chloroform. The extract was washed with water and dried over MgSO4. Solvents were removed by evaporation, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica (eluent: hexane/ethyl acetate = 5/1) and recrystallization using hexane to afford 1 (0.13 g, 9%) as orange crystals. 1H NMR (90 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.46 (d, 2H, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.27 (dd, 2H, J = 7.9 and 1.4 Hz), 7.07 (d, 2H, J = 1.4 Hz), 3.70 (t, 4H, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.69 (m, 4H), 1.35 (br, 12H), 0.89 (br, 6H). IR (KBr pellet, cm−1): ν = 2954, 2928, 2858, 1732, 1602, 1428, 1355, 1100, 1058, 906, 869, 787.

Synthesis of PHexI

To a mixture of Ni(cod)2 (0.18 g, 0.65 mmol), 2,2′-bipan class="Chemical">pyridine (0.65 mmol) and DMF (50 mL) was added 1 (0.294 g, 0.50 mmol) at 60 °C, and the mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 48 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into an aqueous ammonium solution to give a precipitate. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with aqueous ammonia, diluted HClaq, aqueous ammonia containing EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), aqueous ammonia, and methanol in this order. The solid was dried under reduced pressure to afford PHexI (0.166 g, 77% yield) as a yellowish brown powder. 1H NMR (90 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.50–6.63 (6H), 3.67 (4H), 1.69 (4H), 1.33 (12H), 0.91 (6H). IR (KBr pellets, cm−1): ν = 3392, 2892, 1703, 1586, 1415, 1334, 1083. Light scattering analysis (in formic acid): Mw = 10,000.

Synthesis of P(HexI-Py)

A mixture of 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.118 g, 0.50 mmol) and 1 (0.294 g, 0.50 mmol) was added to a pan class="Chemical">DMF (30 mL) suspension of Ni(cod)2 (0.36 g, 1.30 mmol), 2,2′-bipyridine (1.30 mmol) at 60 °C, and the mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 48 h. Work-up of the reaction mixture was carried out in a manner similar to that for PHexI. After work-up, 0.126 g of P(HexI-Py) was yielded as a green powder. 50% yield. 1H NMR (90 MHz, CF3COOD): δ = 9.83 (1H), 9.14 (1H), 8.81 (1H), 8.1–6.8 (6H), 3.94 (4H), 1.92 (4H), 1.50 (12H), 0.94 (6H). IR (KBr pellet, cm−1): ν = 3392, 2928, 1712, 1604, 1442, 1334, 1083, 813. Light scattering (in chloroform): Mw = 40,000.

Synthesis of P(BOCI-Flu)

A mixture of 2 (0.46 g, 0.74 mmol), 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid bis(1,3-propanediol) ester (0.40 mg, 0.71 mmol), distilled pan class="Chemical">water (25 mL), K2CO3 (1.5 g) and Pd(PPh3)4 (55 mg, 0.05 mmol) and THF (25 mL) was stirred at 60 °C for 24 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and the organic layer was poured into methanol to obtain a dark red solid, which was collected by filtration and dissolved in NMP. The NMP solution was poured into methanol. The dark red precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with methanol repeatedly, and dried under reduced pressure to yield a dark red solid of P(BOCI-Flu) (0.61 g, 98% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, THF-d8): δ = 8.49 (2H), 7.84 (10H), 2.48 (18H), 1.62 (12H), 1.13 (16H), 0.80 (6H). IR (KBr pellet, cm−1): ν = 3500, 2924, 2848, 1750, 1676, 1600, 1431, 1251, 1147, 1080, 1004, 817. GPC (eluent = NMP, vs. polystyrene standards): Mn = 3,000. Mw = 26,000.

Boc-Deprotection of P(BOCI-Flu): Treatment with CF3COOH

CF3COOH (ca. 2 mL) was added to a suspension of the P(pan class="Chemical">BOCI-Flu) (20 mg) in dichloromethane (ca. 2 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at 60 °C and poured into 10 mL of water. After the removal of dichloromethane by evaporation at 60 °C, K2CO3 was added to neutralize the solution. The supernatant solution was decanted, and the precipitate was washed with methanol (20 mL). The powder was separated by centrifugation and dried under reduced pressure. P(I-Flu) (15 mg, quantitative yield. IR (KBr pellets, cm−1): ν = 3398, 2924, 2850, 1608, 1440, 1355, 1138.

Conclusions and Scope

Soluble P(HexI), P(HexI-Py), and P(pan class="Chemical">BOCI-Flu) with the alkyl and BOC groups have been prepared by organometallic polycondensation, and P(BOCI-Flu) underwent a clean deprotection reaction. The obtained P(I-Flu) by the deprotection reaction is expected to give basic chemical information about polymers consisting of the non-substituted indigo unit in the polymer main chain. UV-Vis data of P(BOCI-Flu) suggested electronic interaction between the indigo and fluorene units, and the electronic interaction seems to give a new electronic state along the polymer chain. The DR spectrum of the deprotected P(I-Flu) shows a bathochromic shift from that of P(I-Flu) and suggests intermolecular electronic interaction between P(I-Flu) molecules in the solid state. Synthesis of various polymers using monomers 1 and 2 is expected to give a new class of polymers (as isomeric polymers of the isoindigo-based polymers) which show interesting chemical properties.