Literature DB >> 28775890

Crystal structure of (E)-4-benzyl-idene-6-phenyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10-octa-hydro-phenanthridine.

Baidaa K Al-Rubaye1, Alice Brink2, Gary J Miller3, Herman Potgieter4,5, Mohamad J Al-Jeboori1.   

Abstract

The preparation of the title compound, C26H25N, was achieved by the condensation of an ethano-lic mixture of benzaldehyde, cyclo-hexa-none and ammonium acetate in a 2:1:1 molar ratio. There are two crystallographically independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The two cyclo-hexyl rings adopt an anti-envelope conformation with the benzyl moiety adopting a cis conformation with respect to the nitro-gen atom of the phenanthridine segment. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked through C-H⋯N inter-actions into hydrogen-bonded chains that are further arranged into distinct layers by weak offset π-π inter-actions.

Entities:  

Keywords:  C—H⋯N inter­actions; Hirschfeld surfaces; Mannich reaction; crystal structure; phenanthridine moiety; π–π inter­actions

Year:  2017        PMID: 28775890      PMCID: PMC5499298          DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017009537

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun


Chemical context

The preparation of piperidine derivatives via the Mannich reaction is well documented (Noller & Baliah, 1948 ▸). Further, the condensation of a ketone with α-methyl­ene groups, with an aldehyde in the presence of ammonium acetate results in the formation of the required piperidone derivatives through the Mannich reaction (Karthikeyan et al., 2009 ▸; Al-Jeboori et al., 2009 ▸). However, the formation of unpredicted phenanthridine derivatives as a second product with piperidone upon using a range of cyclic ketones has also been mentioned (Karthikeyan et al., 2009 ▸). Phenanthridine derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic nitro­gen-based compounds that form a range of natural products and biologically important mol­ecules (Tumir et al., 2014 ▸). These compounds have found significant applications in different fields, including their potential applications in medicinal chemistry (Stevens et al., 2008 ▸) and in the fabrication of materials (Gerfaud et al., 2009 ▸). Therefore, researchers have been inter­ested in the development of efficient and versatile methods for the synthesis of these materials (Bao et al., 2014 ▸; Xu et al., 2014 ▸). These compounds can be fabricated using a range of synthetic methods, including cyclization, that require harsh conditions and several preparation steps to obtain phenanthridines (Herrera et al., 2006 ▸). In this paper, the formation of a phenanthridine derivative was achieved via a one-pot reaction using cyclo­hexa­none and benzaldehyde in an ethano­lic solution of ammonium acetate.

Structural commentary

The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent mol­ecules, A and B, shown in Figs. 1 ▸ and 2 ▸, with no solvent mol­ecules incorporated into the crystal lattice. Selected geometric parameters for the title compound are given in Table 1 ▸. All of the bond lengths and bond angles are within the normal range of analogous phenanthridine compounds (Helesbeux et al., 2011 ▸; Shabashov & Daugulis, 2007 ▸). In the structure, the cyclo­hexane rings adopt the anti-envelope conformation. In mol­ecule B one of these rings shows static disorder of the C91 and C92 atoms over two sets of sites. This was modelled as two positions with the site occupancies refined to give 81.7 (3)% occupancy for the major component and 18.3 (3)% for the minor component. Full refinement details are given in Section 5. In both of the crystallographically independent mol­ecules, the phenyl and benzyl­idene groups are rotated out-of-plane with respect to the octa­hydro­phenanthrine moieties: in mol­ecule A the angle between the mean planes of the phenyl and pyridine rings is 46.92 (5)° with the equivalent angle in mol­ecule B of 53.43 (5)°. The angle between the mean planes of the benzyl­idine and pyridine rings in mol­ecule A is 48.53 (5)° and the corresponding angle in mol­ecule B is 41.37 (5)°.
Figure 1

Atom arrangement and numbering scheme for mol­ecule A, with displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level.

Figure 2

Atom arrangement and numbering scheme for mol­ecule B, with displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level.

Table 1

Selected geometric parameters (Å, °)

C1—N21.3351 (19)C101—N11.3492 (18)
C5—N21.3511 (18)C105—N11.3308 (19)
C14—C9—C5120.36 (13)C106—C114—C130128.70 (14)
C9—C14—C20128.41 (14)C105—N1—C101119.51 (12)
C114—C106—C101119.35 (13)C1—N2—C5119.35 (12)

Supra­molecular features

The crystal structure features a combination of weak hydrogen bonds and weak offset π–π inter­actions. A weak C—H⋯N contact is formed from the octa­hydro­phenanthridine C6 position in mol­ecule A to the N1 position in a B mol­ecule (symmetry operation 1 + x, −1 + y, z), with an equivalent weak contact formed from the C109 position in mol­ecule B to the N2 position of a neighbouring mol­ecule A (symmetry operation 1 – x, 2 − y, z). Geometric parameters for these contacts are given in Table 2 ▸. The geometric parameters for these contacts are within the accepted range of D⋯A distances for weak hydrogen bonds of 3.2–4.0 Å, the D—H⋯A angles being slightly more linear than the expected values of 90–150° (Gilli, 2002 ▸). These inter­actions lead to the formation of chains consisting of alternating A and B mol­ecules oriented along the a-axis direction. These chains propagate along the baxis, with neighbouring chains offset from each other along the a axis to allow inter­calation of the phenyl and benzyl aromatic rings of neighbouring groups, as shown in Fig 3 ▸, forming layers. These layers further stack along the c-axis with the orientation of the layers inverted with respect to the layer above and below, as shown in Fig. 4 ▸. The structure is further stabilized by along the b-axis stabilized by weak offset π–π stacking inter­actions between the benzyl­idine rings of B mol­ecules in adjacent layers where the aromatic groups are oriented towards each other (symmetry operation for second B mol­ecule 1 − x, −y, 1 − z) with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.9853 (14) Å and shift distance of 2.285 (3) Å.
Table 2

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—HH⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C6—H6A⋯N1i 0.972.77 (1)3.672 (2)155 (1)
C109—H10B⋯N2i 0.972.74 (1)3.6756 (18)163 (1)

Symmetry code: (i) .

Figure 3

C—H⋯N hydrogen-bonded chains, viewed down the crystallographic c axis. The C—H⋯N contacts are shown as dotted blue lines and run along the crystallographic a axis.

Figure 4

Packing arrangement of the structure viewed along the crystallographic a axis with the c axis parallel to the long axis of the paper. The π–π inter­actions occur between the benzyl rings that lie between the second and third rows of mol­ecules The labels of the axes should be larger.

Database survey

Version 5.38 of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD; Groom et al., 2016 ▸) was queried for inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions between cyclo­hexyl and pyridyl groups with H-atom positions normalized and metals excluded with H⋯N distances restricted to vdW + 0.5 Å. 198 hits were obtained with the minimum and maximum H⋯N contact distances of 2.421 Å and 3.246 Å respectively with a median distance of 2.866 Å and mean of 2.853 Å. The C—H⋯N angles ranged from 92 to 174° with a mean of 128° and a median of 127°. The C—H⋯N contacts for the two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in this work are therefore shorter and more linear than the average, indicating a non-trivial role in determining the supra­molecular structure.

Hirschfeld surface analysis

Fingerprint analysis of the inter­molecular inter­actions by the generation of Hirschfeld surfaces using CrystalExplorer (Spackman & McKinnon, 2002 ▸) reveals that the two types of mol­ecules have similar inter­molecular contact patterns. Selected fingerprint plots corresponding to the complete inter­molecular contact surface and H⋯H, H⋯C and H⋯N contacts are shown in Fig. 5 ▸. The percentage contributions of each contact type to the overall inter­action environment are tabulated in Table 3 ▸. In both cases, the major contribution is from H⋯H contacts, accounting for 66.9% of the surface area in mol­ecule A and 64.8% in mol­ecule B. It is notable that, in addition to making the largest contribution to the inter­molecular contact surfaces, the H⋯H contacts account for the closest inter­molecular contact in the case of both mol­ecules, between cyclo­hexyl hydrogen atoms on a mol­ecule A and B (H91B⋯H10X). The direction of these contacts runs parallel to the axis of the C—H⋯N contacts between mol­ecules on neighbouring hydrogen-bonded chains and appears to result from the inter­calation of these chains. As these contacts are not associated with either of the major attractive inter­actions (A–B C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds or B–B π–π stacking), it is probable that this contact arises solely from the packing arrangement required to maximize the number and strength of these favourable inter­actions.
Figure 5

Hirschfeld surface fingerprint plots generated from the d norm surfaces generated for mol­ecules A and B in CrystalExplorer at high resolution. The decomposed plots show the areas of contact between H atoms (inter­nal) and H, C and N atoms (external).

Table 3

Percentage of d norm Hirschfeld surface accounted for by each (int)–(ext) contact type

Contact (int)–(ext)H⋯HH⋯CH⋯NC⋯HN⋯H
Mol­ecule A 66.9%12.8%1.3%16.5%1.5%
Mol­ecule B 64.8%14.5%1.3%17.9%1.5%

Synthesis and crystallization

The title compound was isolated from the reaction mixture using a flash column chromatography and as follows: A solution of benzaldehyde (4.02 mL, 0.038 mol), ammonium acetate (1 g, 0.019 mol) and cyclo­hexa­none (2 mL, 0.019 mol) in ethanol (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The obtained residue was purified from the crude product by flash chromatography with an eluent mixture of 33% ethyl acetate in hexane, m.p. = 467–469 K, yield: 42%. Colourless crystals suitable for X-ray single crystal analysis were obtained by slow evaporation of a methanol solution of the compound. (IR, KBr) cm−1: 1600 ν (C=N), 1508 ν (C=C)aromatic ring. NMR data (ppm) (numbering scheme shown in Fig. 6 ▸); 1H NMR, δ H (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): 7.81 (s, 1H, H-14), 7.52–7.35 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 7.28–7.21 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 2.79 (t, 2H, H-13, J = 10.4Hz), 2.71 (t, 2H, H-6, J = 12Hz), 2.66 (t, 2H, H-10, J = 12.8Hz), 2.61 (t, 2H, H-8, J = 12.8Hz), 1.80 (m, 4H, H-11;12), 1.62 (m, 2H, H-7). 13C NMR, δ c (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): 155.15 (C-1), 147.72 (C-5), 144.86 (C-3), 140.98 (C-9) and 137.45 (C-2), 136.07 (C-15), 129.61 (C-4), 129.44 (C-21), 129.14, 129.03, 128.76, 128.33, 128.00 and 127.76 and 126.70 (C-Ar), 124.60 (C-14), 27.83 C-8), 26.90 (C-6), 25.80 (C-10), 24.91 (C-13), 22.18 (C-11;12), 21.96 (C-7). The electrospray (+) mass spectrum showed the parent ion peak at m/z = 352.2068 (M + H)+ for C26H26N; requires =352.2065. Elemental analysis: calculated for C26H25N: C 88.85%, H 7.17%, N 3.99%; found: C 88.76%, H 7.20%, N 3.88%.
Figure 6

General numbering pattern for NMR spectra of the title compound.

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 4 ▸. Hydrogen atoms were positioned geometrically (C—H = 0.95–0.99 Å) and refined using a riding model with U so(H)= 1.2U eq(C). Disorder at C90/C91/C92/C93 was modelled by splitting the component atoms across two positions and refining the occupancy using FVAR to 82% for C90A–C93A and 12% for C90B–C93B. 1,2 distances were restrained using SADI and ADPs for C90A/C90B and C93A/C93B constrained using EADP commands.
Table 4

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC26H25N
M r 351.47
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P
Temperature (K)100
a, b, c (Å)11.0758 (8), 12.4989 (11), 14.2425 (13)
α, β, γ (°)98.088 (3), 96.537 (3), 102.151 (3)
V3)1887.2 (3)
Z 4
Radiation typeMo Kα
μ (mm−1)0.07
Crystal size (mm)0.73 × 0.12 × 0.10
 
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker APEX II CCD
Absorption correction
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections37669, 9087, 6437
R int 0.052
(sin θ/λ)max−1)0.661
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.049, 0.131, 1.04
No. of reflections9087
No. of parameters500
No. of restraints7
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)0.28, −0.36

Computer programs: APEX2 and SAINT (Bruker, 2014 ▸), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick 2008 ▸), SHELXL2016 (Sheldrick, 2015 ▸) and OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009 ▸).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017009537/ff2149sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017009537/ff2149Isup2.hkl Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017009537/ff2149Isup3.cml CCDC reference: 1506784 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C26H25NZ = 4
Mr = 351.47F(000) = 752
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.237 Mg m3
a = 11.0758 (8) ÅMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 12.4989 (11) ÅCell parameters from 8882 reflections
c = 14.2425 (13) Åθ = 3.7–28.2°
α = 98.088 (3)°µ = 0.07 mm1
β = 96.537 (3)°T = 100 K
γ = 102.151 (3)°Needle, colourless
V = 1887.2 (3) Å30.73 × 0.12 × 0.10 mm
Bruker APEX II CCD diffractometer6437 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: sealed tubeRint = 0.052
Graphite monochromatorθmax = 28.0°, θmin = 1.5°
Detector resolution: 8 pixels mm-1h = −14→12
ω and φ scansk = −16→16
37669 measured reflectionsl = −18→18
9087 independent reflections
Refinement on F27 restraints
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.049H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.131w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0648P)2 + 0.341P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.04(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
9087 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.28 e Å3
500 parametersΔρmin = −0.36 e Å3
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Positional disorder at C90-C91-C92-C93 modelled by splitting the component atoms across two positions and refining occupamcy using FVAR to 82% for C90A-C93A and 12% for C90B-C93B. C90A/C90B and C93A/C93B. 1,2 distances were restrained using SADI and ADPs for C90A/C90B and C93A/C93B constrained using EADP commands.
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
C10.75248 (13)0.29476 (12)0.20313 (10)0.0158 (3)
C20.84704 (13)0.30527 (12)0.14419 (10)0.0159 (3)
C30.88741 (13)0.20963 (12)0.11278 (10)0.0167 (3)
C40.84028 (13)0.11067 (12)0.14605 (10)0.0167 (3)
C50.75826 (13)0.11251 (12)0.21406 (10)0.0162 (3)
C60.88220 (14)0.00608 (12)0.11239 (11)0.0210 (3)
H6A0.9713080.0160080.1385700.025*
H6B0.874827−0.0059660.0415690.025*
C70.80663 (15)−0.09584 (13)0.14287 (11)0.0228 (3)
H7A0.848529−0.1580800.1316300.027*
H7B0.722841−0.1181410.1036570.027*
C80.79308 (15)−0.07234 (13)0.24859 (11)0.0226 (3)
H8A0.747909−0.1408450.2681880.027*
H8B0.876762−0.0485010.2879100.027*
C90.72234 (13)0.01739 (12)0.26527 (10)0.0174 (3)
C100.91203 (13)0.41798 (13)0.12489 (11)0.0190 (3)
H10G0.9200790.4744290.1828540.023*
H10H0.8605080.4388840.0720750.023*
C111.04157 (14)0.41736 (13)0.09788 (11)0.0215 (3)
H11A1.0773840.4888020.0781860.026*
H11B1.0977250.4083370.1539990.026*
C121.03130 (15)0.32257 (13)0.01614 (11)0.0237 (4)
H12A1.1138640.326040−0.0051360.028*
H12B0.9720450.330066−0.0387440.028*
C130.98628 (14)0.21096 (13)0.04722 (11)0.0212 (3)
H13A0.9521180.154118−0.0107380.025*
H13B1.0588690.1897940.0805830.025*
C140.63212 (13)0.01532 (12)0.32117 (11)0.0182 (3)
H140.5896590.0738770.3206250.022*
C200.59071 (14)−0.06578 (12)0.38298 (11)0.0185 (3)
C210.67174 (14)−0.11676 (13)0.43322 (11)0.0215 (3)
H210.757319−0.1023340.4252040.026*
C220.62901 (16)−0.18842 (14)0.49489 (12)0.0267 (4)
H220.685667−0.2219670.5288590.032*
C230.50500 (16)−0.21108 (14)0.50704 (12)0.0280 (4)
H230.476005−0.2606760.5486980.034*
C240.42291 (15)−0.16108 (14)0.45813 (12)0.0260 (4)
H240.337239−0.1768940.4658550.031*
C250.46554 (14)−0.08796 (13)0.39791 (11)0.0215 (3)
H250.409013−0.0523580.3662840.026*
C300.69251 (13)0.38769 (12)0.23336 (11)0.0173 (3)
C310.67721 (13)0.41515 (13)0.32883 (11)0.0199 (3)
H310.7070410.3754970.3752120.024*
C320.61888 (14)0.49979 (13)0.35682 (12)0.0247 (4)
H320.6101500.5184230.4223120.030*
C330.57346 (14)0.55707 (14)0.29010 (13)0.0283 (4)
H330.5334120.6149150.3095010.034*
C340.58648 (14)0.52993 (14)0.19485 (13)0.0274 (4)
H340.5546510.5686800.1485550.033*
C350.64618 (14)0.44587 (13)0.16682 (12)0.0222 (3)
H350.6554030.4280210.1013460.027*
C1010.24367 (12)1.06093 (12)0.22013 (10)0.0159 (3)
C1020.31762 (13)1.01710 (12)0.15830 (10)0.0167 (3)
C1030.31864 (13)0.90403 (13)0.15121 (10)0.0175 (3)
C1040.24125 (13)0.83688 (12)0.20087 (10)0.0169 (3)
C1050.16390 (12)0.88740 (12)0.25625 (10)0.0159 (3)
C1060.24962 (13)1.18171 (12)0.24183 (10)0.0167 (3)
C1070.34880 (15)1.25554 (13)0.20045 (11)0.0236 (4)
H10A0.4299831.2693020.2425020.028*
H10B0.3268971.3279280.1974590.028*
C1080.36013 (15)1.20115 (13)0.10034 (11)0.0240 (4)
H10C0.4234621.2514910.0732960.029*
H10D0.2791511.1882660.0581940.029*
C1090.39768 (14)1.09112 (13)0.10293 (11)0.0223 (3)
H10E0.3907841.0518870.0364400.027*
H10F0.4860781.1059000.1327380.027*
C93A0.4116 (5)0.8580 (4)0.0917 (4)0.0206 (7)0.817 (3)
H93A0.3754430.8413740.0229290.025*0.817 (3)
H93B0.4901990.9155210.0992590.025*0.817 (3)
C90B0.231 (2)0.707 (3)0.203 (2)0.0180 (7)0.183 (3)
H90A0.2183180.6886510.2671330.022*0.183 (3)
H90B0.1637000.6597810.1540550.022*0.183 (3)
C1140.16908 (13)1.21776 (12)0.29555 (11)0.0173 (3)
H1140.1067531.1614690.3117640.021*
C1200.07724 (13)0.82602 (12)0.31378 (11)0.0160 (3)
C121−0.01618 (13)0.73238 (12)0.27271 (11)0.0171 (3)
H121−0.0230460.7033790.2064970.021*
C122−0.09929 (13)0.68110 (13)0.32762 (11)0.0205 (3)
H122−0.1631110.6177500.2987200.025*
C123−0.08947 (14)0.72189 (14)0.42419 (12)0.0240 (4)
H123−0.1457320.6860910.4618450.029*
C1240.00251 (15)0.81502 (14)0.46590 (12)0.0265 (4)
H1240.0095180.8430980.5323240.032*
C1250.08462 (14)0.86754 (13)0.41083 (11)0.0220 (3)
H1250.1464120.9323880.4396060.026*
C1300.16464 (13)1.33237 (12)0.33245 (10)0.0171 (3)
C1310.04885 (14)1.35477 (13)0.34805 (11)0.0194 (3)
H131−0.0238261.2958520.3348570.023*
C1320.03890 (15)1.46137 (13)0.38235 (11)0.0230 (3)
H132−0.0405041.4750800.3914110.028*
C1330.14399 (15)1.54818 (14)0.40355 (12)0.0261 (4)
H1330.1368141.6214210.4263290.031*
C1340.25990 (15)1.52720 (13)0.39122 (12)0.0255 (4)
H1340.3324971.5861580.4063670.031*
C1350.27010 (14)1.42036 (13)0.35684 (11)0.0209 (3)
H1350.3501051.4068350.3497750.025*
N10.16703 (11)0.99549 (10)0.26679 (9)0.0163 (3)
N20.71246 (11)0.20276 (10)0.23903 (9)0.0172 (3)
C91A0.31965 (18)0.67122 (17)0.12626 (16)0.0232 (5)0.817 (3)
H91A0.3384160.6007670.1407960.028*0.817 (3)
H91B0.2653620.6552610.0633780.028*0.817 (3)
C92A0.44037 (19)0.75409 (17)0.12225 (16)0.0240 (5)0.817 (3)
H92A0.4923910.7731500.1862070.029*0.817 (3)
H92B0.4879910.7204990.0761500.029*0.817 (3)
C91B0.3619 (9)0.6965 (8)0.1797 (7)0.0232 (5)0.183 (3)
H91C0.4276550.7450270.2297200.028*0.183 (3)
H91D0.3698340.6188660.1783790.028*0.183 (3)
C92B0.3780 (10)0.7300 (8)0.0831 (7)0.0240 (5)0.183 (3)
H92C0.3038900.6929310.0349950.029*0.183 (3)
H92D0.4527220.7095340.0603880.029*0.183 (3)
C90A0.2523 (4)0.7201 (5)0.2044 (4)0.0180 (7)0.817 (3)
H90C0.1673520.6722610.1986100.022*0.817 (3)
H90D0.2976390.7178200.2678890.022*0.817 (3)
C93B0.394 (3)0.8628 (19)0.100 (2)0.0206 (7)0.183 (3)
H93C0.4810930.8974580.1305080.025*0.183 (3)
H93D0.3839600.8855930.0359150.025*0.183 (3)
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C10.0151 (7)0.0161 (7)0.0154 (7)0.0035 (6)0.0000 (6)0.0017 (6)
C20.0146 (7)0.0183 (8)0.0143 (7)0.0033 (6)0.0003 (5)0.0032 (6)
C30.0144 (7)0.0228 (8)0.0124 (7)0.0053 (6)−0.0002 (5)0.0018 (6)
C40.0147 (7)0.0185 (8)0.0162 (7)0.0053 (6)0.0003 (6)−0.0005 (6)
C50.0143 (7)0.0162 (7)0.0171 (7)0.0038 (6)−0.0002 (6)0.0011 (6)
C60.0213 (7)0.0223 (8)0.0211 (8)0.0091 (6)0.0050 (6)0.0013 (7)
C70.0304 (8)0.0190 (8)0.0218 (8)0.0114 (7)0.0056 (7)0.0025 (7)
C80.0291 (8)0.0211 (8)0.0213 (8)0.0119 (7)0.0058 (7)0.0049 (7)
C90.0194 (7)0.0164 (8)0.0157 (7)0.0056 (6)−0.0009 (6)0.0012 (6)
C100.0212 (7)0.0192 (8)0.0173 (8)0.0043 (6)0.0048 (6)0.0043 (6)
C110.0205 (7)0.0246 (8)0.0199 (8)0.0023 (6)0.0055 (6)0.0076 (7)
C120.0249 (8)0.0291 (9)0.0210 (8)0.0090 (7)0.0092 (7)0.0080 (7)
C130.0213 (7)0.0262 (9)0.0188 (8)0.0088 (7)0.0070 (6)0.0048 (7)
C140.0197 (7)0.0143 (7)0.0198 (8)0.0045 (6)−0.0002 (6)0.0016 (6)
C200.0232 (7)0.0147 (7)0.0155 (7)0.0029 (6)0.0022 (6)−0.0012 (6)
C210.0247 (8)0.0209 (8)0.0177 (8)0.0050 (6)0.0022 (6)0.0009 (6)
C220.0369 (9)0.0236 (9)0.0201 (8)0.0086 (7)0.0019 (7)0.0044 (7)
C230.0403 (10)0.0200 (8)0.0214 (9)−0.0005 (7)0.0077 (7)0.0050 (7)
C240.0252 (8)0.0242 (9)0.0233 (9)−0.0035 (7)0.0055 (7)−0.0011 (7)
C250.0221 (7)0.0216 (8)0.0183 (8)0.0039 (6)−0.0001 (6)−0.0013 (6)
C300.0127 (6)0.0157 (7)0.0232 (8)0.0015 (6)0.0042 (6)0.0034 (6)
C310.0167 (7)0.0185 (8)0.0248 (8)0.0022 (6)0.0067 (6)0.0042 (7)
C320.0197 (7)0.0229 (9)0.0301 (9)0.0014 (7)0.0113 (7)−0.0014 (7)
C330.0206 (8)0.0213 (8)0.0455 (11)0.0079 (7)0.0125 (7)0.0032 (8)
C340.0233 (8)0.0251 (9)0.0383 (10)0.0112 (7)0.0067 (7)0.0107 (8)
C350.0196 (7)0.0236 (8)0.0256 (9)0.0073 (6)0.0054 (6)0.0059 (7)
C1010.0139 (7)0.0186 (8)0.0143 (7)0.0014 (6)0.0014 (5)0.0039 (6)
C1020.0141 (7)0.0219 (8)0.0134 (7)0.0016 (6)0.0018 (5)0.0046 (6)
C1030.0150 (7)0.0233 (8)0.0136 (7)0.0044 (6)0.0015 (6)0.0022 (6)
C1040.0161 (7)0.0181 (8)0.0153 (7)0.0037 (6)0.0005 (6)0.0011 (6)
C1050.0142 (7)0.0176 (8)0.0145 (7)0.0022 (6)0.0002 (5)0.0024 (6)
C1060.0169 (7)0.0180 (8)0.0129 (7)−0.0005 (6)0.0001 (6)0.0032 (6)
C1070.0259 (8)0.0209 (8)0.0221 (8)−0.0022 (7)0.0095 (7)0.0037 (7)
C1080.0259 (8)0.0241 (9)0.0215 (8)−0.0011 (7)0.0095 (7)0.0076 (7)
C1090.0185 (7)0.0286 (9)0.0200 (8)0.0026 (7)0.0076 (6)0.0052 (7)
C93A0.019 (2)0.0278 (11)0.0188 (14)0.0098 (9)0.0118 (10)0.0021 (9)
C90B0.0137 (19)0.016 (2)0.0228 (8)0.0004 (15)0.0038 (12)0.0014 (10)
C1140.0178 (7)0.0167 (8)0.0167 (7)0.0010 (6)0.0012 (6)0.0057 (6)
C1200.0157 (7)0.0162 (7)0.0190 (8)0.0066 (6)0.0053 (6)0.0062 (6)
C1210.0172 (7)0.0166 (7)0.0189 (8)0.0058 (6)0.0040 (6)0.0033 (6)
C1220.0161 (7)0.0168 (8)0.0300 (9)0.0040 (6)0.0064 (6)0.0063 (7)
C1230.0237 (8)0.0263 (9)0.0272 (9)0.0080 (7)0.0125 (7)0.0119 (7)
C1240.0344 (9)0.0306 (9)0.0162 (8)0.0086 (8)0.0087 (7)0.0047 (7)
C1250.0242 (8)0.0191 (8)0.0204 (8)0.0008 (6)0.0043 (6)0.0018 (6)
C1300.0210 (7)0.0173 (8)0.0130 (7)0.0035 (6)0.0016 (6)0.0054 (6)
C1310.0201 (7)0.0216 (8)0.0161 (8)0.0023 (6)0.0020 (6)0.0065 (6)
C1320.0248 (8)0.0259 (9)0.0214 (8)0.0107 (7)0.0044 (6)0.0063 (7)
C1330.0340 (9)0.0191 (8)0.0264 (9)0.0090 (7)0.0044 (7)0.0042 (7)
C1340.0268 (8)0.0197 (8)0.0271 (9)0.0006 (7)0.0020 (7)0.0029 (7)
C1350.0197 (7)0.0222 (8)0.0206 (8)0.0036 (6)0.0033 (6)0.0046 (7)
N10.0146 (6)0.0171 (6)0.0168 (6)0.0018 (5)0.0034 (5)0.0037 (5)
N20.0153 (6)0.0178 (6)0.0191 (7)0.0051 (5)0.0023 (5)0.0037 (5)
C91A0.0211 (10)0.0225 (10)0.0253 (12)0.0076 (8)0.0045 (9)−0.0032 (9)
C92A0.0185 (10)0.0279 (11)0.0280 (12)0.0094 (9)0.0077 (9)0.0030 (9)
C91B0.0211 (10)0.0225 (10)0.0253 (12)0.0076 (8)0.0045 (9)−0.0032 (9)
C92B0.0185 (10)0.0279 (11)0.0280 (12)0.0094 (9)0.0077 (9)0.0030 (9)
C90A0.0137 (19)0.016 (2)0.0228 (8)0.0004 (15)0.0038 (12)0.0014 (10)
C93B0.019 (2)0.0278 (11)0.0188 (14)0.0098 (9)0.0118 (10)0.0021 (9)
C1—C21.4115 (19)C23—C241.386 (2)
C1—C301.492 (2)C24—H240.9500
C93A—H93A0.9900C24—C251.387 (2)
C93A—H93B0.9900C25—H250.9500
C90B—H90A0.9900C30—C311.393 (2)
C90B—H90B0.9900C30—C351.389 (2)
C1—N21.3351 (19)C31—H310.9500
C91A—H91A0.9900C31—C321.387 (2)
C91A—H91B0.9900C32—H320.9500
C93A—C92A1.510 (4)C32—C331.380 (2)
C91A—C92A1.521 (3)C33—H330.9500
C92A—H92A0.9900C33—C341.383 (2)
C92A—H92B0.9900C34—H340.9500
C90B—C91B1.55 (2)C34—C351.391 (2)
C91B—H91C0.9900C35—H350.9500
C91B—H91D0.9900C101—C1021.4014 (19)
C91B—C92B1.513 (11)C101—C1061.484 (2)
C92B—H92C0.9900C101—N11.3492 (18)
C92B—H92D0.9900C102—C1031.405 (2)
C91A—C90A1.536 (5)C102—C1091.511 (2)
C90A—H90C0.9900C103—C1041.393 (2)
C90A—H90D0.9900C103—C93A1.556 (4)
C92B—C93B1.61 (2)C103—C93B1.31 (2)
C93B—H93C0.9900C104—C1051.4128 (19)
C93B—H93D0.9900C104—C90B1.61 (4)
C2—C31.396 (2)C104—C90A1.498 (7)
C2—C101.518 (2)C105—C1201.492 (2)
C3—C41.406 (2)C105—N11.3308 (19)
C3—C131.5168 (19)C106—C1071.510 (2)
C4—C51.4025 (19)C106—C1141.3460 (19)
C4—C61.511 (2)C107—H10A0.9900
C5—C91.488 (2)C107—H10B0.9900
C5—N21.3511 (18)C107—C1081.521 (2)
C6—H6A0.9900C108—H10C0.9900
C6—H6B0.9900C108—H10D0.9900
C6—C71.517 (2)C108—C1091.522 (2)
C7—H7A0.9900C109—H10E0.9900
C7—H7B0.9900C109—H10F0.9900
C7—C81.524 (2)C114—H1140.9500
C8—H8A0.9900C114—C1301.468 (2)
C8—H8B0.9900C120—C1211.394 (2)
C8—C91.505 (2)C120—C1251.393 (2)
C9—C141.345 (2)C121—H1210.9500
C10—H10G0.9900C121—C1221.388 (2)
C10—H10H0.9900C122—H1220.9500
C10—C111.5285 (19)C122—C1231.381 (2)
C11—H11A0.9900C123—H1230.9500
C11—H11B0.9900C123—C1241.384 (2)
C11—C121.516 (2)C124—H1240.9500
C12—H12A0.9900C124—C1251.389 (2)
C12—H12B0.9900C125—H1250.9500
C12—C131.524 (2)C130—C1311.4040 (19)
C13—H13A0.9900C130—C1351.398 (2)
C13—H13B0.9900C131—H1310.9500
C14—H140.9500C131—C1321.385 (2)
C14—C201.470 (2)C132—H1320.9500
C20—C211.395 (2)C132—C1331.385 (2)
C20—C251.402 (2)C133—H1330.9500
C21—H210.9500C133—C1341.388 (2)
C21—C221.391 (2)C134—H1340.9500
C22—H220.9500C134—C1351.388 (2)
C22—C231.379 (2)C135—H1350.9500
C23—H230.9500
C2—C1—C30122.39 (13)C24—C23—H23120.2
N2—C1—C2123.03 (13)C23—C24—H24119.9
N2—C1—C30114.54 (12)C23—C24—C25120.16 (15)
C1—C2—C10121.26 (12)C25—C24—H24119.9
C3—C2—C1117.21 (13)C20—C25—H25119.5
C3—C2—C10121.18 (12)C24—C25—C20121.07 (15)
C2—C3—C4119.60 (12)C24—C25—H25119.5
C92A—C93A—C103112.2 (2)C31—C30—C1120.48 (13)
C91B—C90B—C104100.5 (13)C35—C30—C1121.05 (13)
C92A—C93A—H93A109.2C35—C30—C31118.43 (13)
C92A—C93A—H93B109.2C30—C31—H31119.7
H93A—C93A—H93B107.9C32—C31—C30120.65 (15)
C92B—C91B—C90B109.1 (13)C32—C31—H31119.7
C91B—C90B—H90A111.7C31—C32—H32119.8
C91B—C90B—H90B111.7C33—C32—C31120.37 (15)
C2—C3—C13121.57 (13)C33—C32—H32119.8
C4—C3—C13118.76 (13)C32—C33—H33120.1
C3—C4—C6120.39 (12)C32—C33—C34119.71 (14)
C5—C4—C3118.62 (13)C34—C33—H33120.1
C5—C4—C6120.93 (13)C33—C34—H34120.0
C4—C5—C9121.62 (13)C33—C34—C35120.00 (16)
N2—C5—C4121.40 (13)C35—C34—H34120.0
N2—C5—C9116.92 (12)C30—C35—C34120.84 (15)
C4—C6—H6A109.0C30—C35—H35119.6
C4—C6—H6B109.0C34—C35—H35119.6
C4—C6—C7112.79 (12)C102—C101—C106122.24 (13)
H6A—C6—H6B107.8C103—C93A—H93A109.2
C7—C6—H6A109.0N1—C101—C102121.45 (13)
C7—C6—H6B109.0N1—C101—C106116.24 (12)
C6—C7—H7A109.5C101—C102—C103118.68 (13)
C6—C7—H7B109.5C101—C102—C109120.45 (13)
C6—C7—C8110.76 (13)C103—C102—C109120.85 (13)
H90A—C90B—H90B109.4C102—C103—C93A118.83 (18)
C93A—C92A—C91A110.0 (2)C104—C103—C102119.70 (13)
C92A—C91A—H91A109.8C104—C103—C93A121.41 (18)
C90A—C91A—H91A109.8C103—C104—C105117.24 (13)
H91A—C91A—H91B108.3C103—C104—C90B126.8 (6)
C92A—C91A—H91B109.8C103—C104—C90A120.55 (16)
C90A—C91A—H91B109.8C105—C104—C90B115.9 (6)
C91A—C92A—H92A109.7C105—C104—C90A121.79 (17)
C93A—C92A—H92A109.7C104—C105—C120123.11 (13)
C93A—C92A—H92B109.7N1—C105—C104123.19 (13)
C91A—C92A—H92B109.7N1—C105—C120113.58 (12)
H92A—C92A—H92B108.2C101—C106—C107115.73 (12)
C90B—C91B—H91C109.9C114—C106—C101119.35 (13)
C92B—C91B—H91C109.9C114—C106—C107124.93 (14)
C92B—C91B—H91D109.9C106—C107—H10A109.6
H91C—C91B—H91D108.3C106—C107—H10B109.6
C90B—C91B—H91D109.9C106—C107—C108110.36 (13)
C91B—C92B—H92C110.6H10A—C107—H10B108.1
C93B—C92B—H92C110.6C108—C107—H10A109.6
C93B—C92B—H92D110.6C108—C107—H10B109.6
H92C—C92B—H92D108.8C103—C93A—H93B109.2
H7A—C7—H7B108.1C103—C93B—C92B117.3 (13)
C8—C7—H7A109.5C103—C93B—H93C108.0
C8—C7—H7B109.5C103—C93B—H93D108.0
C7—C8—H8A109.7C104—C90B—H90A111.7
C7—C8—H8B109.7C104—C90B—H90B111.7
H8A—C8—H8B108.2C104—C90A—C91A114.6 (3)
C9—C8—C7109.87 (13)C104—C90A—H90C108.6
C9—C8—H8A109.7C104—C90A—H90D108.6
C9—C8—H8B109.7C107—C108—H10C109.5
C5—C9—C8115.10 (12)C107—C108—H10D109.5
C14—C9—C5120.36 (13)C107—C108—C109110.87 (13)
C14—C9—C8124.55 (14)H10C—C108—H10D108.1
C2—C10—H10G109.3C109—C108—H10C109.5
C2—C10—H10H109.3C109—C108—H10D109.5
C2—C10—C11111.63 (12)C102—C109—C108112.51 (12)
H10G—C10—H10H108.0C102—C109—H10E109.1
C11—C10—H10G109.3C102—C109—H10F109.1
C11—C10—H10H109.3C108—C109—H10E109.1
C10—C11—H11A109.8C108—C109—H10F109.1
C10—C11—H11B109.8H10E—C109—H10F107.8
H11A—C11—H11B108.2C106—C114—H114115.7
C12—C11—C10109.45 (13)C106—C114—C130128.70 (14)
C12—C11—H11A109.8C130—C114—H114115.7
C12—C11—H11B109.8C121—C120—C105122.34 (13)
C11—C12—H12A109.5C125—C120—C105118.96 (13)
C11—C12—H12B109.5C125—C120—C121118.57 (13)
C11—C12—C13110.83 (12)C120—C121—H121119.7
H12A—C12—H12B108.1C122—C121—C120120.64 (14)
C13—C12—H12A109.5C122—C121—H121119.7
C13—C12—H12B109.5C121—C122—H122119.9
C3—C13—C12114.32 (12)C123—C122—C121120.20 (15)
C3—C13—H13A108.7C123—C122—H122119.9
C3—C13—H13B108.7C122—C123—H123120.1
C12—C13—H13A108.7C122—C123—C124119.83 (14)
C12—C13—H13B108.7C124—C123—H123120.1
H13A—C13—H13B107.6C123—C124—H124119.9
C9—C14—H14115.8C123—C124—C125120.11 (15)
C9—C14—C20128.41 (14)C125—C124—H124119.9
C20—C14—H14115.8C120—C125—H125119.7
C21—C20—C14123.19 (13)C124—C125—C120120.63 (15)
C21—C20—C25117.75 (14)C124—C125—H125119.7
C25—C20—C14118.91 (14)C131—C130—C114118.49 (13)
C20—C21—H21119.5C135—C130—C114123.77 (13)
C22—C21—C20120.94 (14)C135—C130—C131117.69 (14)
C22—C21—H21119.5C130—C131—H131119.5
C21—C22—H22119.8C132—C131—C130121.04 (14)
C23—C22—C21120.45 (16)C132—C131—H131119.5
C23—C22—H22119.8C131—C132—H132119.8
C22—C23—H23120.2C131—C132—C133120.43 (14)
C91B—C92B—H92D110.6C133—C132—H132119.8
C92A—C91A—C90A109.2 (2)C132—C133—H133120.3
C91A—C90A—H90C108.6C132—C133—C134119.42 (15)
C91A—C90A—H90D108.6C134—C133—H133120.3
H90C—C90A—H90D107.6C133—C134—H134119.9
C91B—C92B—C93B105.6 (12)C135—C134—C133120.25 (15)
C92B—C93B—H93C108.0C135—C134—H134119.9
C92B—C93B—H93D108.0C130—C135—H135119.4
H93C—C93B—H93D107.2C134—C135—C130121.11 (14)
C93B—C103—C102119.9 (8)C134—C135—H135119.4
C93B—C103—C104120.4 (8)C105—N1—C101119.51 (12)
C22—C23—C24119.60 (15)C1—N2—C5119.35 (12)
C90B—C91B—C92B—C93B71.8 (19)C32—C33—C34—C35−0.6 (2)
C90A—C91A—C92A—C93A−64.4 (4)C33—C34—C35—C300.5 (2)
C91B—C92B—C93B—C103−44 (3)C35—C30—C31—C32−1.0 (2)
C92A—C91A—C90A—C10448.1 (4)C101—C102—C103—C1043.8 (2)
C1—C2—C3—C4−4.7 (2)C101—C102—C109—C108−16.2 (2)
C1—C2—C3—C13178.50 (13)C101—C106—C107—C10838.53 (18)
C1—C2—C10—C11155.77 (14)C101—C106—C114—C130174.32 (14)
C1—C30—C31—C32−178.48 (13)C102—C101—C106—C107−5.4 (2)
C1—C30—C35—C34177.76 (14)C102—C101—C106—C114174.64 (14)
C93B—C103—C104—C90B0 (2)C102—C101—N1—C1052.0 (2)
C101—C102—C103—C93B−174.8 (18)C102—C103—C93A—C92A156.5 (3)
C101—C102—C103—C93A−173.2 (3)C102—C103—C93B—C92B−172.1 (13)
C93A—C103—C104—C90A4.7 (4)C102—C103—C104—C1050.4 (2)
C109—C102—C103—C93B3.3 (18)C103—C93A—C92A—C91A49.9 (5)
C109—C102—C103—C93A4.8 (3)C103—C102—C109—C108165.74 (14)
C93A—C103—C104—C105177.3 (3)C103—C104—C90B—C91B25 (2)
C102—C103—C104—C90B−178.8 (14)C103—C104—C90A—C91A−18.9 (5)
C102—C103—C104—C90A−172.3 (3)C103—C104—C105—C120−179.43 (13)
C93B—C103—C104—C105178.9 (18)C90B—C104—C105—N1175.5 (13)
C2—C1—C30—C31−132.86 (15)C90A—C104—C105—N1168.8 (3)
C2—C1—C30—C3549.7 (2)C103—C104—C105—N1−3.7 (2)
C2—C1—N2—C5−4.0 (2)C104—C90B—C91B—C92B−59.3 (17)
C2—C3—C4—C5−3.2 (2)C104—C103—C93A—C92A−20.5 (6)
C2—C3—C4—C6179.61 (13)C104—C103—C93B—C92B9 (3)
C2—C3—C13—C12−2.7 (2)C104—C105—C120—C121−57.7 (2)
C2—C10—C11—C1252.66 (17)C104—C105—C120—C125126.44 (16)
C3—C2—C10—C11−17.37 (19)C104—C105—N1—C1012.6 (2)
C3—C4—C5—C9−169.02 (13)C105—C104—C90B—C91B−154.5 (9)
C3—C4—C5—N28.1 (2)C105—C104—C90A—C91A168.8 (2)
C3—C4—C6—C7−170.74 (13)C105—C120—C121—C122−176.48 (13)
C4—C3—C13—C12−179.58 (13)C105—C120—C125—C124177.61 (14)
C4—C5—C9—C87.9 (2)C106—C101—C102—C103171.76 (13)
C4—C5—C9—C14−171.80 (14)C106—C101—C102—C109−6.3 (2)
C4—C5—N2—C1−4.6 (2)C106—C101—N1—C105−175.10 (13)
C4—C6—C7—C8−47.05 (17)C106—C107—C108—C109−60.97 (17)
C5—C4—C6—C712.1 (2)C106—C114—C130—C131151.65 (16)
C5—C9—C14—C20−174.65 (14)C106—C114—C130—C135−31.1 (2)
C6—C4—C5—C98.2 (2)C107—C106—C114—C130−5.6 (3)
C6—C4—C5—N2−174.71 (13)C107—C108—C109—C10249.52 (18)
C6—C7—C8—C962.67 (17)C109—C102—C103—C104−178.16 (14)
C7—C8—C9—C5−42.45 (18)C114—C106—C107—C108−141.57 (15)
C7—C8—C9—C14137.19 (16)C114—C130—C131—C132−179.71 (14)
C8—C9—C14—C205.7 (3)C114—C130—C135—C134179.84 (14)
C9—C5—N2—C1172.70 (13)C120—C105—N1—C101178.66 (12)
C9—C14—C20—C2135.3 (2)C120—C121—C122—C123−0.6 (2)
C9—C14—C20—C25−149.20 (16)C121—C120—C125—C1241.6 (2)
C10—C2—C3—C4168.74 (13)C121—C122—C123—C1240.8 (2)
C90A—C104—C105—C120−6.9 (3)C122—C123—C124—C1250.1 (2)
C90B—C104—C105—C120−0.2 (13)C123—C124—C125—C120−1.4 (2)
C10—C2—C3—C13−8.1 (2)C125—C120—C121—C122−0.6 (2)
C10—C11—C12—C13−64.02 (16)C130—C131—C132—C133−1.1 (2)
C11—C12—C13—C338.47 (18)C131—C130—C135—C134−2.8 (2)
C13—C3—C4—C5173.73 (13)C131—C132—C133—C134−0.8 (2)
C13—C3—C4—C6−3.5 (2)C132—C133—C134—C1350.8 (2)
C14—C20—C21—C22176.47 (14)C133—C134—C135—C1301.1 (2)
C14—C20—C25—C24−177.86 (14)C135—C130—C131—C1322.8 (2)
C20—C21—C22—C230.5 (2)N1—C101—C102—C103−5.1 (2)
C21—C20—C25—C24−2.1 (2)N1—C101—C102—C109176.83 (13)
C21—C22—C23—C24−0.7 (2)N1—C101—C106—C107171.57 (13)
C22—C23—C24—C25−0.5 (2)N1—C101—C106—C114−8.3 (2)
C23—C24—C25—C202.0 (2)N1—C105—C120—C121126.25 (15)
C25—C20—C21—C220.9 (2)N1—C105—C120—C125−49.63 (18)
C30—C1—C2—C3−173.79 (13)N2—C1—C2—C38.6 (2)
C30—C1—C2—C1012.8 (2)N2—C1—C2—C10−164.80 (14)
C30—C1—N2—C5178.20 (13)N2—C1—C30—C3144.94 (19)
C30—C31—C32—C330.9 (2)N2—C1—C30—C35−132.46 (15)
C31—C30—C35—C340.3 (2)N2—C5—C9—C8−169.40 (13)
C31—C32—C33—C34−0.1 (2)N2—C5—C9—C1411.0 (2)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C6—H6A···N1i0.972.77 (1)3.672 (2)155 (1)
C109—H10B···N2i0.972.74 (1)3.6756 (18)163 (1)
  9 in total

1.  A short history of SHELX.

Authors:  George M Sheldrick
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr A       Date:  2007-12-21       Impact factor: 2.290

2.  The preparation of some piperidine derivatives by the Mannich reaction.

Authors:  C R NOLLER; V BALIAH
Journal:  J Am Chem Soc       Date:  1948-11       Impact factor: 15.419

3.  Two color RNA intercalating probe for cell imaging applications.

Authors:  Nathan Stevens; Naphtali O'Connor; Harshad Vishwasrao; Diana Samaroo; Eric R Kandel; Daniel L Akins; Charles M Drain; Nicholas J Turro
Journal:  J Am Chem Soc       Date:  2008-05-20       Impact factor: 15.419

4.  A free-radical cascade methylation/cyclization of N-arylacrylamides and isocyanides with dicumyl peroxide.

Authors:  Zhengbao Xu; Chaoxian Yan; Zhong-Quan Liu
Journal:  Org Lett       Date:  2014-10-15       Impact factor: 6.005

5.  Palladium-catalyzed anilide ortho-arylation and subsequent one-pot cyclization to phenanthridines.

Authors:  Dmitry Shabashov; Olafs Daugulis
Journal:  J Org Chem       Date:  2007-09-07       Impact factor: 4.354

6.  Palladium-catalyzed annulation of acyloximes with arynes (or alkynes): synthesis of phenanthridines and isoquinolines.

Authors:  Thibaud Gerfaud; Luc Neuville; Jieping Zhu
Journal:  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl       Date:  2009       Impact factor: 15.336

Review 7.  Come-back of phenanthridine and phenanthridinium derivatives in the 21st century.

Authors:  Lidija-Marija Tumir; Marijana Radić Stojković; Ivo Piantanida
Journal:  Beilstein J Org Chem       Date:  2014-12-10       Impact factor: 2.883

8.  Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL.

Authors:  George M Sheldrick
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem       Date:  2015-01-01       Impact factor: 1.172

9.  The Cambridge Structural Database.

Authors:  Colin R Groom; Ian J Bruno; Matthew P Lightfoot; Suzanna C Ward
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater       Date:  2016-04-01
  9 in total

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