Senthil Selvaraj1, Luc Djoussé2, Frank G Aguilar3, Eva E Martinez3, Vincenzo B Polsinelli3, Marguerite R Irvin4, Donna K Arnett4, Sanjiv J Shah3. 1. Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: senthil.selvaraj@uphs.upenn.edu. 2. Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 3. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 4. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The optimal level of sodium intake remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether examination of left ventricular longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain, and e' velocity can provide insight into thresholds for the detrimental effects of estimated sodium intake (ESI) on subclinical cardiovascular disease. METHODS: We performed speckle-tracking analysis on HyperGEN (Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network) study echocardiograms with available urinary sodium data (N = 2,996). We evaluated the associations among ESI and LS, circumferential strain, and e' velocity using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed-effects models (to account for relatedness among subjects) with linear splines (spline 1: ESI ≤3.7 g/day, spline 2: ESI >3.7 g/day based on visual inspection of fractional polynomial plots of the association between ESI and indices of strain and e' velocity). We performed mediation analysis to understand the indirect effects of systolic blood pressure and serum aldosterone on the relationship between ESI and strain and e' velocity. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 49 ± 14 years, 57% were female, 50% were African American, and 54% had hypertension. The median ESI was 3.73 (interquartile range: 3.24, 4.25) g/day. ESI >3.7 g/day was associated with larger left atrial and left ventricular dimensions (p < 0.05). After adjusting for speckle-tracking analyst, image quality, study site, age, sex, smoking status, alcohol use, daily blocks walked, diuretic use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular mass, ejection fraction, and wall motion score index, ESI >3.7 g/day was associated with both strain parameters and e' velocity (p < 0.05 for all comparisons), but ESI ≤3.7 g/day was not (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). There were significant interactions by potassium excretion for circumferential strain. Mediation analysis suggested that systolic blood pressure explained 14% and 20% of the indirect effects between ESI and LS and e' velocity, respectively, whereas serum aldosterone explained 19% of the indirect effects between ESI and LS. CONCLUSIONS: ESI >3.7 g/day is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling and worse systolic strain and diastolic e' velocity.
BACKGROUND: The optimal level of sodium intake remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether examination of left ventricular longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain, and e' velocity can provide insight into thresholds for the detrimental effects of estimated sodium intake (ESI) on subclinical cardiovascular disease. METHODS: We performed speckle-tracking analysis on HyperGEN (Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network) study echocardiograms with available urinary sodium data (N = 2,996). We evaluated the associations among ESI and LS, circumferential strain, and e' velocity using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed-effects models (to account for relatedness among subjects) with linear splines (spline 1: ESI ≤3.7 g/day, spline 2: ESI >3.7 g/day based on visual inspection of fractional polynomial plots of the association between ESI and indices of strain and e' velocity). We performed mediation analysis to understand the indirect effects of systolic blood pressure and serum aldosterone on the relationship between ESI and strain and e' velocity. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 49 ± 14 years, 57% were female, 50% were African American, and 54% had hypertension. The median ESI was 3.73 (interquartile range: 3.24, 4.25) g/day. ESI >3.7 g/day was associated with larger left atrial and left ventricular dimensions (p < 0.05). After adjusting for speckle-tracking analyst, image quality, study site, age, sex, smoking status, alcohol use, daily blocks walked, diuretic use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular mass, ejection fraction, and wall motion score index, ESI >3.7 g/day was associated with both strain parameters and e' velocity (p < 0.05 for all comparisons), but ESI ≤3.7 g/day was not (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). There were significant interactions by potassium excretion for circumferential strain. Mediation analysis suggested that systolic blood pressure explained 14% and 20% of the indirect effects between ESI and LS and e' velocity, respectively, whereas serum aldosterone explained 19% of the indirect effects between ESI and LS. CONCLUSIONS: ESI >3.7 g/day is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling and worse systolic strain and diastolic e' velocity.
Authors: Tjebbe W Galema; Marcel L Geleijnse; Sing-Chien Yap; Ron T van Domburg; Elena Biagini; Wim B Vletter; Folkert J Ten Cate Journal: Eur J Echocardiogr Date: 2008-03
Authors: Robert H Eckel; John M Jakicic; Jamy D Ard; Janet M de Jesus; Nancy Houston Miller; Van S Hubbard; I-Min Lee; Alice H Lichtenstein; Catherine M Loria; Barbara E Millen; Cathy A Nonas; Frank M Sacks; Sidney C Smith; Laura P Svetkey; Thomas A Wadden; Susan Z Yanovski; Karima A Kendall; Laura C Morgan; Michael G Trisolini; George Velasco; Janusz Wnek; Jeffrey L Anderson; Jonathan L Halperin; Nancy M Albert; Biykem Bozkurt; Ralph G Brindis; Lesley H Curtis; David DeMets; Judith S Hochman; Richard J Kovacs; E Magnus Ohman; Susan J Pressler; Frank W Sellke; Win-Kuang Shen; Sidney C Smith; Gordon F Tomaselli Journal: Circulation Date: 2013-11-12 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Andrew Mente; Martin J O'Donnell; Gilles Dagenais; Andy Wielgosz; Scott A Lear; Matt J McQueen; Ying Jiang; Wang Xingyu; Bo Jian; K Burco T Calik; Ayse A Akalin; Prem Mony; Anitha Devanath; Afzal H Yusufali; Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo; Alvaro Avezum; Khaled Yusoff; Annika Rosengren; Lanthe Kruger; Andrés Orlandini; Sumathi Rangarajan; Koon Teo; Salim Yusuf Journal: J Hypertens Date: 2014-05 Impact factor: 4.844
Authors: Frank G Aguilar; Senthil Selvaraj; Eva E Martinez; Daniel H Katz; Lauren Beussink; Kwang-Youn A Kim; Jie Ping; Laura Rasmussen-Torvik; Amita Goyal; Jin Sha; Marguerite R Irvin; Donna K Arnett; Sanjiv J Shah Journal: Echocardiography Date: 2015-11-03 Impact factor: 1.724
Authors: Moayad Mustafa Hejazi; Ala Osman Bacha; Mohammed Kaleemuddin; Fahad A Al-Abassi; Abdulbasit I Al-Alsieni; Imran Kazmi; Firoz Anwar Journal: Mol Cell Biochem Date: 2017-12-16 Impact factor: 3.396
Authors: Federica Nista; Federico Gatto; Manuela Albertelli; Natale Musso Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-04-19 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Alexander C Razavi; Amber Dyer; Matthew Jones; Alexander Sapin; Graciela Caraballo; Heather Nace; Kerri Dotson; Michael A Razavi; Timothy S Harlan Journal: Nutrients Date: 2020-11-26 Impact factor: 5.717